Occurrence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the presence and daily variability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in public swimming pools. Various types of public swimming pool water were analysed, taken from freshwater indoor swimming pools, outdoor swimming pools, spa pools and seawater swimming pools. Swimming pool water samples were analysed for 30 PPCPs using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All PPCPs were below quantification limits in seawater pools. However, caffeine was detected in 12 chlorinated swimming pools at concentrations up to 1540 ng/L and ibuprofen was observed in 7 chlorinated pools at concentrations up to 83 ng/L. Caffeine and ibuprofen concentrations were below quantification limits in all fill water samples, eliminating this as their source in swimming pools. High variations in caffeine concentrations monitored throughout the day roughly reflect bather loads in swimming pools. Future monitoring of these compounds may assist in evaluating what portion of organic matter measured in swimming pools may come from human excretions.
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Teo et al. found high occurrence of caffeine (up to 1540 ng/L) and ibuprofen (up to 83 ng/L) in chlorinated swimming pool waters after a screen of 30 pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
“Teo et al. (2016) found the high occurrence of caffeine (up to 1540 ng/L) and ibuprofen (up to 83 ng/L) in chlorinated SPWs after a screen of 30 PPCPs.”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Teo et al., 2016
Cites
Kanan, A., & Karanfil, T. (2011) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.031 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Determination of chlorinated by-products of parabens in swimming pool water
Terasaki, M., & Makino, M. (2008) · International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/03067310802272663 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Yang, L., Chen, X., She, Q., Cao, G., Liu, Y., Chang, V. W.-C., & Tang, C. Y. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.024 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
- Authors
- Teo, T. L. L., Coleman, H. M., & Khan, S. J.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Khan, Stuart J.
- Venue
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2015-12-26
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 6972-6981
- ISSN
- 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7499
- OpenAlex
- W2233133321
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- pharmaceuticals and personal care products, swimming pool water, caffeine, ibuprofen, daily variability, human excretion, organic matter
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Cosmetics, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Swimming Pools, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Solid Phase Extraction, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Halogenation
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