Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: The contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids
Abstract
The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.
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Disinfection by-product formation potential tests of individual components showed that uric acid, citric acid, and hippuric acid had significantly higher reactivity towards trihalomethane and/or haloacetic acid formation.
“DBP formation potential tests of individual component showed that uric acid, citric acid, hippuric acid had significantly higher reactivity towards THM and/or HAA formation (Kanan and Karanfil, 2011;Yang et al., 2016)”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Kanan and Karanfil, 2011
Natural organic matter has been proven to possess a high potential towards the formation of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and halonitromethanes during chlorination.
“NOM has been proven to possess a high potential towards the formation of DBPs (e.g., THMs, HAAs, HANs, and HNMs) during chlorination (Kanan and Karanfil, 2011;WHO, 2008;Yang et al., 2016).”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Kanan and Karanfil, 2011
Higher disinfection by-product concentrations in swimming pool waters than in drinking water could be attributed to higher organic matter concentration, more organic species (body fluids and personal care products in addition to natural organic matter), and recirculation resulting in accumulation of stable and non-volatile disinfection by-products such as haloacetic acids.
“The higher DBP concentrations in SPWs than in DWs could be attributed to the following reasons: 1) the concentration of organic matter in SPWs (high-ppm levels, single-or even two-digit) is higher than that in DWs (low-ppm levels, single-digit or even less)”
From Regulation, formation, exposure, and treatment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters: A critical review (2018) · cites this paper as Kanan and Karanfil, 2011
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- Authors
- Kanan, A., & Karanfil, T.
- Affiliations
- Clemson University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Karanfil, Tanju
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 926-932
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974670990
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ford Foundation International Fellowships Program
- Al-Quds University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Keywords
- disinfection by-products, swimming pool water, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, natural organic matter, chlorine demand, citric acid, temperature effects, contact time
- MeSH terms
- Acetates, Body Fluids, Chlorine, Disinfection, Humans, Nitroparaffins, Swimming Pools, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification, Citric Acid, Trihalomethanes
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