Does ecological footprint in ECCAS and ECOWAS converge? Empirical evidence from a panel unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks

Çelik, Orkun; Adali, Zafer; Bari, Bilgin

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23178-3

Cited by 18Energy, Environment, Economic GrowthSustainable Development and Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Impact and Sustainability

Does ecological footprint in ECCAS and ECOWAS converge? Empirical evidence from a panel unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks

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Çelik, Orkun, Adali, Zafer, Bari, Bilgin·2022·Environmental Science and Pollution Research

DOI 10.1007/s11356-022-23178-3

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Abstract

The costs due to climate change have been increasing day by day. In addition to the risk of losing our planet's natural assets due to the increasing destructiveness of climate-related natural disasters and extreme climate events, we are also faced with grave economic risks. For this reason, researchers have recently focused on environmental issues. Nevertheless, they generally have investigated developed countries and ignored developing and least developed countries such as African countries. The United Nations (2015) report highlights that African countries should be specially investigated. Hence, the paper analyzes whether the ecological footprint in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) converges for the period from 1961 to 2017. We employ Bahmani-Oskooee et al.'s (2014) panel unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks. The empirical findings demonstrate that the ecological footprint is stationary in ECCAS and ECOWAS. Stated in other words, the ecological footprint in these countries converges. Therefore, policymakers could implement similar policies to reduce the ecological footprint in these countries. This policy framework paves the way for an effective sustainable development.

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GDP, FD, and INV are stationary at first difference, while OIL and INF are stationary at level.
“The result of unit root shows that GDP, FD and INV are stationary at first difference, however, OIL and INF are stationary at level, so the result of the unit root test gives the level of confidence for the application of panel ARDL for estimation [51,52,53,54].”
From Dynamics of economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries: a panel ARDL approach (2024) · cites this paper as [52]

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Dynamics of economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries: a panel ARDL approach
Hidthiir, M. H. B., Ahmad, Z., Junoh, M. Z. M., & Yusof, M. F. B. (2024) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00351-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Authors: Çelik, O., Adali, Z., & Bari, B.
Affiliations: Gümüşhane University (TR)
Anadolu University (TR)
Corresponding author: Çelik, Orkun
ORCID: Çelik, Orkun
Adali, Zafer
Bari, Bilgin
Venue: Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-10-01
Volume: 30
Issue: 6
Pages: 16253-16265
ISSN: 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
1614-7499
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23178-3
OpenAlex: W4298120423
Cited by: 18
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
FWCI: 3.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Gümüşhane University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Keywords: ecological footprint, convergence, Economic Community of Central African States, ECOWAS, panel unit root tests, stationarity, sustainable development, environmental policy, African countries
MeSH terms: Africa, Carbon Dioxide, Developing Countries, Economic Development, Climate Change

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Does ecological footprint in ECCAS and ECOWAS converge? Empirical evidence from a panel unit root test with sharp and smooth breaks

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