The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Molecular composition of the alveolar lining fluid in the aging lung
Open accessAbstract
As we age, there is an increased risk for the development of pulmonary diseases, including infections, but few studies have considered changes in lung surfactant and components of the innate immune system as contributing factors to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to succumb to infections. We and others have demonstrated that human alveolar lining fluid (ALF) components, such as surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-D, complement protein C3, and alveolar hydrolases, play a significant innate immune role in controlling microbial infections. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effect of increasing age on the level and function of ALF components in the lung. Here we addressed this gap in knowledge by determining the levels of ALF components in the aging lung that are important in controlling infection. Our findings demonstrate that pro-inflammatory cytokines, surfactant proteins and lipids, and complement components are significantly altered in the aged lung in both mice and humans. Further, we show that the aging lung is a relatively oxidized environment. Our study provides new information on how the pulmonary environment in old age can potentially modify mucosal immune responses, thereby impacting pulmonary infections and other pulmonary diseases in the elderly population.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Age-associated changes in the molecular composition of epithelial lining fluid, specifically a decrease in antioxidants, can also impact lung function (66).”
From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“An age-associated impairment in AEC2 function, due to increased cellular senescence, contributes to the highly proinflammatory and oxidative environment within the lung (66).”
From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“An age-associated reduction in BAL antioxidant levels and composition may underlie increased susceptibility of older persons to exposure with environmental toxins, such as ozone, cigarette smoke, and particulate matter (66).”
From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence
FRANCESCHI, C., BONAFÈ, M., VALENSIN, S., OLIVIERI, F., DE LUCA, M., OTTAVIANI, E., & DE BENEDICTIS, G. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · Cited by 5,358
The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells
Saraiva, M., & O’Garra, A. (2010) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2711 · Cited by 3,293
Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research and practice
Ho, E. C., Galougahi, K. K., Liu, C., Bhindi, R., & Figtree, G. A. (2013) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.07.006 · Cited by 835
The role of lipids in pulmonary surfactant
Veldhuizen, R. A. W., Nag, K., Orgeig, S., & Possmayer, F. (1998) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/s0925-4439(98)00061-1 · Cited by 727
Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies
Figueroa, J. E., & Densen, P. (1991) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.4.3.359 · Cited by 726
COPD as a Disease of Accelerated Lung Aging
Ito, K., & Barnes, P. J. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.08-1419 · Cited by 634
Macrophages and Inflammatory Mediators in Tissue Injury
Laskin, D. L., & Pendino, K. J. (1995) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.003255 · Cited by 618
Schlesinger, L. S., Bellinger-Kawahara, C., Payne, N. R., & Horwitz, M. A. (1990) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.144.7.2771 · Cited by 539
Self-citationKang, P. B., Azad, A. K., Torrelles, J. B., Kaufman, T. M., Beharka, A. A., Tibesar, E., DesJardin, L. E., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20051239 · Cited by 527
Self-citationDalle‐Donne, I., Scaloni, A., Giustarini, D., Cavarra, E., Tell, G., Lungarella, G., Colombo, R., Rossi, R., & Milzani, A. (2004) · Mass Spectrometry Reviews · doi:10.1002/mas.20006 · Cited by 461
Understanding how we age: insights into inflammaging
Baylis, D., Bartlett, D. B., Patel, H. P., & Roberts, H. C. (2013) · Longevity & Healthspan · doi:10.1186/2046-2395-2-8 · Cited by 413
Biology of alveolar type II cells
MASON, R. J. (2006) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00800.x · Cited by 353
Gaynor, C. D., McCormack, F. X., Voelker, D. R., McGowan, S. E., & Schlesinger, L. S. (1995) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.11.5343 · Cited by 304
Self-citationStrunk, R. C., Eidlen, D. M., & Mason, R. J. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci113472 · Cited by 288
Alveolar Type I Cells: Molecular Phenotype and Development
Williams, M. C. (2003) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.092101.142446 · Cited by 283
Age-related Defects in CD4 T Cell Cognate Helper Function Lead to Reductions in Humoral Responses
Eaton, S. M., Burns, E. M., Kusser, K. L., Randall, T. D., & Haynes, L. (2004) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041395 · Cited by 279
Neutrophil Granule Proteins in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Subjects with Subclinical Emphysema
Betsuyaku, T., Nishimura, M., Takeyabu, K., Tanino, M. A., Venge, P., Xu, S., & Kawakami, Y. (1999) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9809043 · Cited by 234
Lung surfactants : basic science and clinical applications
Notter, R. H. (2000) · Cited by 222
Ferguson, J. S., Voelker, D. R., McCormack, F. X., & Schlesinger, L. S. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 212
Self-citationAge-related changes in immune function: Effect on airway inflammation
Busse, P. J., & Mathur, S. K. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.011 · Cited by 211
Olson, D. R., Heffernan, R. T., Paladini, M., Konty, K., Weiss, D., & Mostashari, F. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040247 · Cited by 197
Ferguson, J. S., Voelker, D. R., McCormack, F. X., & Schlesinger, L. S. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.312 · Cited by 192
Self-citationNotter, R. H. (2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482270426 · Cited by 187
Romano, A. D., Serviddio, G., de Matthaeis, A., Bellanti, F., & Vendemiale, G. (2003) · Signal Transduction · doi:10.1002/sita.200390006 · Cited by 175
Immune dysregulation in the aging human lung
Meyer, K. C., Ershler, W., Rosenthal, N. S., Lu, X. G., & Peterson, K. (1996) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.153.3.8630547 · Cited by 173
Alkaline Phosphatase: A Marker of Alveolar Type II Cell Differentiation
Edelson, J. D., Shannon, J. M., & Mason, R. J. (1988) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/138.5.1268 · Cited by 173
Optimal staging of endoreversible heat engines
Rubin, M. H., & Andresen, B. (1982) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.331592 · Cited by 170
Beharka, A. A., Gaynor, C. D., Kang, B. K., Voelker, D. R., McCormack, F. X., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3565 · Cited by 153
Self-citationAging Population and Future Burden of Pneumococcal Pneumonia in the United States
Wroe, P. C., Finkelstein, J. A., Ray, G. T., Linder, J. A., Johnson, K. M., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Moore, M. R., & Huang, S. S. (2012) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jis240 · Cited by 151
Bridges, J. P., Davis, H. W., Damodarasamy, M., Kuroki, Y., Howles, G., Hui, D. Y., & McCormack, F. X. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m005322200 · Cited by 150
The Pulmonary Collectins and Surfactant Metabolism
Hawgood, S. B., & Poulain, F. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.495 · Cited by 149
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Regulates TLR Expression and Activity in Human Macrophages
Henning, L. N., Azad, A. K., Parsa, K. V. L., Crowther, J. E., Tridandapani, S., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7847 · Cited by 141
Self-citationCellular senescence, ageing and disease
Burton, D. G. A. (2008) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-008-9075-y · Cited by 140
Surface properties of binary mixtures of some pulmonary surfactant components.
Notter, R. H., Tabak, S. A., & Mavis, R. D. (1980) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39835-7 · Cited by 139
Ferguson, J. S., Weis, J. J., Martin, J. L., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.72.5.2564-2573.2004 · Cited by 131
Self-citationOxidative Stress and Lung Function
Schünemann, H. J., Muti, P. C., Freudenheim, J. L., Armstrong, D. T., Browne, R. W., Klocke, R. A., & Trevisan, M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009220 · Cited by 121
Lung Concentric Laminar Organelle
DiAugustine, R. P., & Howell, W. T. T. A. O. D. (1974) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43069-x · Cited by 110
Clay, C. D., Soni, S., Gunn, J. S., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5568 · Cited by 97
Self-citationEffects of ageing and smoking on SP-A and SP-D levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Betsuyaku, T., Kuroki, Y., Nagai, K., Nasuhara, Y., & Nishimura, M. (2004) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.04.00064004 · Cited by 97
ROBERTSON, J. M., Caldwell, J. R., Castle, J. R., & Waldman, R. H. (1976) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.117.3.900 · Cited by 96
Ferguson, J. S., Martin, J. L., Azad, A. K., McCarthy, T. R., Kang, P. B., Voelker, D. R., Crouch, E. C., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2006) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01402-06 · Cited by 95
Self-citationComplement biosynthesis by human bronchoalveolar macrophages
Cole, F. S., Matthews, W. J., Rossing, T. H., Gash, D. J., Lichtenberg, N. A., & Pennington, J. E. (1983) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/0090-1229(83)90065-x · Cited by 93
Metabolomics, Metabonomics and Metabolite Profiling
(2007) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781847558107 · Cited by 91
Complement levels and activity in the normal and LPS-injured lung
Bolger, M. S., Ross, D. S., Jiang, H., Frank, M. M., Ghio, A. J., Schwartz, D. A., & Wright, J. R. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00127.2006 · Cited by 90
Arcos, J., Sasindran, S., Fujiwara, N., Turner, J., Schlesinger, L., & Torrelles, J. (2011) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100823 · Cited by 86
Self-citationThe interaction of ageing and lung disease
DYER, C. A. E. (2012) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1479972311433766 · Cited by 83
Considerations for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly
Taffet, G. E., Donohue, J. F., & Altman, P. (2013) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s52999 · Cited by 80
Hydrolases of pulmonary lysosomes and lamellar bodies.
Hook, G. E. R., & Gilmore, L. B. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34262-5 · Cited by 74
Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications
Gupta, A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2 · Cited by 73
Alveolar and Tissue Surfactant Pool Sizes in Humans
Rebello, C. M., Jobe, A., Eisele, J. W., & Ikegami, M. (1996) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810596 · Cited by 72
Tuberculosis in ageing: high rates, complex diagnosis and poor clinical outcomes
Cruz‐Hervert, L. P., García‐García, L., Ferreyra-Reyes, L. D., Bobadilla-del-Valle, M., Cano‐Arellano, B., Canizales‐Quintero, S., Ferreira-Guerrero, E., Báez-Saldaña, R., Téllez-Vázquez, N. A., Nava-Mercado, A., et al. (2012) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afs028 · Cited by 72
Crowther, J. E., Kutala, V. K., Kuppusamy, P., Ferguson, J. S., Beharka, A. A., Zweier, J. L., McCormack, F. X., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6866 · Cited by 71
Self-citationAge-dependent variations of antibody avidity.
Doria, G., D'agostaro, G. A. F., & Poretti, A. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 69
Retini, C., Kozel, T. R., Pietrella, D., Monari, C., Bistoni, F., & Vecchiarelli, A. (2001) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.69.10.6064-6073.2001 · Cited by 69
Surfactant Protein A Regulates Complement Activation
Watford, W. T., Wright, J. R., Hester, C. G., Jiang, H., & Frank, M. M. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6593 · Cited by 65
LUNG INFLAMMATION: Normal Host Defense or a Complication of Some Diseases?
Reynolds, H. Y. (1987) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.me.38.020187.001455 · Cited by 64
Nguyen, H. A., Rajaram, M. V. S., Meyer, D. A., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00067.2012 · Cited by 63
Self-citationExtracellular hydrolases of the lung
Hook, G. E. R., & Gilmore, L. B. (1978) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00596a023 · Cited by 56
Geunes-Boyer, S., Oliver, T. N., Janbon, G., Lodge, J. K., Heitman, J., Perfect, J. R., & Wright, J. R. (2009) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00088-09 · Cited by 56
Walti, H., Polla, B. S., & Bachelet, M. (1997) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199701000-00018 · Cited by 53
Inherited complement deficiencies and bacterial infections
Tedesco, F. (2008) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.010 · Cited by 50
Role of Surfactant in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Therapeutic Implications
Lusuardi, M., Capelli, A., Carli, S., Tacconi, M. T., Salmona, M., & Donner, C. F. (2009) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000196100 · Cited by 46
Recycling of surfactant lipid and apoprotein-A studied by electron microscopic autoradiography
Young, S. L., Fram, E. K., Larson, E. W., & Wright, J. R. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.1993.265.1.l19 · Cited by 46
The effects of age on lung function and structure of adult animals.
Mauderly, J. L., & Hahn, F. F. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Yu, S. H., & Possmayer, F. (1996) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39157-4 · Cited by 42
Tonks, A., Morris, R. H., Price, A. J., Thomas, A. W., Jones, K. L., & Jackson, S. K. (2001) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01479.x · Cited by 42
Role of complement in host defense against bacterial infection
Mold, C. (1999) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(99)80063-x · Cited by 41
Synthesis of Surfactant Lipids in the Adult Lung
GOLDE, L. M. G. V. (1985) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.004001 · Cited by 37
Age-related changes in the expression and oxidation of bronchoalveolar lavage proteins in the rat
Umstead, T. M., Freeman, W. M., Chinchilli, V. M., & Phelps, D. S. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.90366.2008 · Cited by 36
Understanding Tuberculosis - Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity
Cardona, P.-J. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/2478 · Cited by 34
A specific acid α-glucosidase in lamellar bodies of the human lung
de Vries, A. C. J., Schram, A. W., Tager, J. M., Batenburg, J. J., & GOLDE, L. M. G. V. (1985) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(85)90046-3 · Cited by 25
Fragoso, C. A. V., & Lee, P. J. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr249 · Cited by 21
Hayakawa, H., Giridhar, G., Myrvik, Q. N., & Kucera, L. S. (1992) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.51.4.379 · Cited by 21
Surfactant and lung inflammation
Reid, K. B. M. (2005) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2004.036699 · Cited by 17
Jordi, B. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/31238 · Cited by 13
The Influence of Increasing Age on Susceptibility of the Elderly to Tuberculosis
Wang, S. (2012) · Open Longevity Science · doi:10.2174/1876326x01206010073 · Cited by 13
Self-citationGilder, H., Haschemeyer, R. H., Fairclough, G. F., & Mynarcik, D. C. (1981) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37321-1 · Cited by 7
Accumulation of prelamin A compromises NF-κB-regulated B-lymphopoiesis in a progeria mouse model
Liu, B., Zhou, S., Liu, X., Zhou, K., Zhang, F., & Zhou, Z. (2013) · Longevity & Healthspan · doi:10.1186/2046-2395-2-1 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Carlson TK, Brooks M, Meyer D, Henning L, Murugesan V et al (2010) Pulmonary innnate immunity: soluble and cellular host defenses of the lung. In: Marsh C, Tridandapani S, Piper M (eds) Regulation of innate immune function. Transworld Research Network, Kerala, pp 165–211
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An atlas of the aging lung mapped by single cell transcriptomics and deep tissue proteomics
Angelidis, I., Simon, L. M., Fernandez, I. E., Strunz, M., Mayr, C. H., Greiffo, F. R., Tsitsiridis, G., Ansari, M., Graf, E., Strom, T.-M., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08831-9 · Cited by 637
The aging lung: Physiology, disease, and immunity
Schneider, J. L., Rowe, J. H., Garcia-de-Alba, C., Kim, C. F., Sharpe, A. H., & Haigis, M. C. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.005 · Cited by 500
Cho, S. J., & Stout-Delgado, H. W. (2020) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034610 · Cited by 458
Allué‐Guardia, A., García, J. I., & Torrelles, J. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.612675 · Cited by 233
Self-citationSurfactant Protein D in Respiratory and Non-Respiratory Diseases
Sørensen, G. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00018 · Cited by 229
Metadata
- Authors
- Moliva, J. I., Rajaram, M. V. S., Sidiki, S., Sasindran, S. J., Guirado, E., Pan, X. J., Wang, S.-H., Ross, P., Lafuse, W. P., Schlesinger, L. S., Turner, J., & Torrelles, J. B.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Turner, Joanne
- Torrelles, Jordi B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- AGE
- Published
- 2014-03-03
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 9633-9633
- ISSN
- 0161-9152 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-4647
- PMC
- PMC4082594
- OpenAlex
- W2084628319
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- AGE (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ohio State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM068412, T32GM068412)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI093570)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Keywords
- alveolar lining fluid, lung aging, pulmonary innate immunity, surfactant proteins, surfactant protein A, surfactant protein D, complement C3, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, pulmonary infection, mucosal immunity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Animals, Female, Humans, Hydrolases, Lung, Male, Pulmonary Alveoli, Oxidative Stress, Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review