Housing patterns and correlates of homelessness differ by gender among individuals using San Francisco Free Food Programs
Open accessAbstract
Homeless individuals experience high rates of morbidity and mortality, yet many homeless studies include small percentages of female participants. We therefore sought to determine correlates of homelessness separately for men and women in a sample of individuals visiting free food programs. Between August 2003 and April 2004, 324 individuals were recruited from San Francisco free food programs and interviewed regarding housing, sociodemographics, health, drug use, sex trade, and incarceration. Over one-half of women and almost three-fourths of men reported homelessness in the prior year. Among women, white race, younger age, not living with minor children, engaging in sex trade and recent incarceration were strongly associated with homelessness; however, only incarceration maintained the strong association in adjusted analysis (OR = 7.16, CI = 3.83-13.4). Among men, heavy alcohol use, drug use, years spent living in San Francisco and monthly income were strongly associated with homelessness; however, only years living in San Francisco (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.19-0.42) and monthly income maintained strong association in adjusted analysis (OR = 0.27, CI = 0.13-0.57). Housing patterns and the strongest correlates of homelessness among individuals visiting free food programs differ by sex. These results suggest the need to characterize homelessness and develop effective homeless interventions separately for men and women.
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- Authors
- Riley, E. D., Weiser, S. D., Sorensen, J. L., Dilworth, S., Cohen, J., & Neilands, T. B.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Riley, Elise D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Urban Health
- Published
- 2007-01-30
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 415-422
- ISSN
- 0028-7091 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-3460
- 1468-2869
- PMC
- PMC2231829
- OpenAlex
- W2053844979
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Urban Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McMaster University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH R01 54907)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA R01#15605)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- homelessness, gender differences, food aid, residential patterns, incarceration, sex industry, alcohol consumption, drug use, income, San Francisco
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcoholism, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Food Services, Health Surveys, Ill-Housed Persons, Housing, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Prisoners, Sex Work, San Francisco, Socioeconomic Factors, Logistic Models, Sex Distribution, Substance-Related Disorders
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