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Food Insufficiency and Health Services Utilization in a National Sample of Homeless Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background Homeless people have high rates of hospitalization and emergency department (ED) use. Obtaining adequate food is a common concern among homeless people and may influence health care utilization.Objective We tested the hypothesis that food insufficiency is related to higher rates of hospitalization and ED use in a national sample of homeless adults.Design We analyzed data from the 2003 Health Care for the Homeless (HCH) User Survey.Participants Participants were 966 adults surveyed at 79 HCH clinic sites throughout the US. The study sample was representative of over 436,000 HCH clinic users nationally.Measures We determined the prevalence and characteristics of food insufficiency among respondents. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between food insufficiency and four past-year acute health services utilization outcomes: (1) hospitalization for any reason, (2) psychiatric hospitalization, (3) any ED use, and (4) high ED use (≥ 4 visits).Results Overall, 25% of respondents reported food insufficiency. Among them, 68% went a whole day without eating in the past month. Chronically homeless (p = 0.01) and traumatically victimized (p = 0.001) respondents were more likely to be food insufficient. In multivariable analyses, food insufficiency was associated with significantly greater odds of hospitalization for any reason (AOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.07, 2.36), psychiatric hospitalization (AOR 3.12, 95% CI 1.73, 5.62), and high ED utilization (AOR 2.83, 95% CI 1.32, 6.08).Conclusions One-fourth of homeless adults in this national survey were food insufficient, and this was associated with increased odds of acute health services utilization. Addressing the adverse health services utilization patterns of homeless adults will require attention to the social circumstances that may contribute to this issue.
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“Homeless individuals have worse physical and emotional health status than the general population, including those from deprived neighbourhoods.32,49-51”
From The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations (2014) · cites this paper as [50]
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Cardiovascular Disease and Homelessness
Baggett, T. P., Liauw, S. S. L., & Hwang, S. W. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.077 · Cited by 203
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Food Insufficiency and Mental Health in the U.S. During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Additionally, we conducted subanalyses of individuals with any history of homelessness to examine whether chronic homelessness (current episode ≥1 year in duration or ≥4 lifetime episodes (35, 36)) or being currently (vs.”
MethodSelf-citationWilliams, S. P., & Bryant, K. L. (2018) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000780 · Cited by 78
“In addition, homeless adults also experience significant disparate rates in dental problems, mental illness, and noninfectious chronic conditions.(14) Research that has examined associations between infectious diseases such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sexual or behavioral risk factors among homeless…”
BackgroundTsai, A. C., Karasic, D. H., Hammer, G. P., Charlebois, E. D., Ragland, K., Moss, A. R., Sorensen, J. L., Dilley, J., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300422 · Cited by 76
“sample was broadly similar to those obtained by systematic sampling.(4,16,28,53) Notably, up to 12% of potential participants with symptoms of depression who underwent structured diagnostic assessment may have instead met diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, a proportion similar to the findings of a previous stud…”
ResultScreening for Health-Related Social Needs of Emergency Department Patients
Samuels‐Kalow, M. E., Boggs, K. M., Cash, R. E., Herrington, R., Mick, N. W., Rutman, M. S., Venkatesh, A. K., Zabbo, C. P., Sullivan, A. F., Hasegawa, K., et al. (2020) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.08.010 · Cited by 69
The Hunger–Obesity Paradox: Obesity in the Homeless
Koh, K. A., Hoy, J. S., O’Connell, J. J., & Montgomery, P. (2012) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9708-4 · Cited by 66
Self-citationParekh, T., Xue, H., Cheskin, L. J., & Cuellar, A. E. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.03.025 · Cited by 61
Sick and unsheltered: Homelessness as a major risk factor for emergency care utilization
Amato, S. S., Nobay, F., Amato, D. P., Abar, B. W., & Adler, D. (2018) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.06.001 · Cited by 61
“Increased utilization of emergency and acute care services for the homeless is multifactorial and has been found to be due to disproportionate burden of disease [3, 6, 15-19], high rates of unintentional injuries and traumatic injuries from assault [9-11], psychiatric illness and substance abuse [5, 6, 19-23], food in…”
BackgroundFood Insecurity and Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults in the United States
Bhargava, V., & Lee, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2016.1200334 · Cited by 59
“This pattern has been reported in previous studies in other vulnerable subpopulations such as homeless (38) and low-income adults (20).”
BackgroundResultLearning to account for the social determinants of health affecting homeless persons
McNeil, R., Guirguis‐Younger, M., Dilley, L. B., Turnbull, J. M., & Hwang, S. W. (2013) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12132 · Cited by 55
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Prevalence of Emergency Department Social Risk and Social Needs
Molina, M. F., Li, C. N., Manchanda, E. C. C., White, B. A., Faridi, M. K., Espinola, J. A., Ashworth, H. C., Ciccolo, G. E., Camargo, C. A., & Samuels‐Kalow, M. E. (2020) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.7.47796 · Cited by 47
Barriers to health and social services for street-involved youth in a Canadian setting
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“14,15 At the population level, previous research indicates that health and social service use among individuals who are homeless correlates with better health-related outcomes, including decreased substance use, improved mental health and social stability, decreased hospitalizations, and improved housing status.(16,17…”
O'Toole, T. P., Roberts, C. B., & Johnson, E. E. (2017) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd14.160375 · Cited by 45
Charitable Food Systems’ Capacity to Address Food Insecurity: An Australian Capital City Audit
Pollard, C. M., Mackintosh, B., Campbell, C., Kerr, D., Begley, A., Jancey, J., Caraher, M., Berg, J., & Booth, S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061249 · Cited by 45
“Food insufficiency is closely associated with poor mental and physical health [5–8] and is common among people who are homeless [5,9,10].”
BackgroundDoran, K. M., Vashi, A. A., Platis, S., Curry, L. A., Rowe, M., Gang, M., & Vaca, F. E. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301540 · Cited by 44
Obesity among Chronically Homeless Adults: Is it a Problem?
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Food Insecurity among Homeless Adults with Mental Illness
Parpouchi, M., Moniruzzaman, A., Russolillo, A., & Somers, J. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159334 · Cited by 42
“[9] reported a food insufficiency prevalence of 25.”
BackgroundFood insecurity among adults with severe mental illness
Mangurian, C., Sreshta, N., & Seligman, H. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300022 · Cited by 40
“Increased use of health services by food-insecure individuals has also been found in a national cohort of homeless individuals (5).”
BackgroundFood Insecurity and Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults
Bhargava, V., & Lee, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464815625835 · Cited by 38
“, 2006), higher physician utilization among low-income adults with diabetes (Nelson, Cunningham, Andersen, Harrison, & Gelberg, 2001), higher utilization of hospitalization and emergency rooms among homeless adult users of Health Care for the Homeless (HCH) clinic sites (Baggett et al., 2011), and more visits to emerg…”
BackgroundCorrelates of Frailty Among Homeless Adults
Salem, B. E., Nyamathi, A., Brecht, M., Phillips, L. R., Mentes, J. C., Sarkisian, C. A., & LEAKE, B. D. (2013) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945913487608 · Cited by 37
“5% among those who had been physically or sexually abused in the past year (Baggett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialLatinos With Diabetes and Food Insecurity in an Agricultural Community
Moreno, G., Morales, L. S., Isiordia, M., de Jaimes, F. N., Tseng, C., Noguera, C., & Mangione, C. M. (2015) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000348 · Cited by 39
“We did not find that patients with diabetes and food insecurity had higher utilization of health services such as ER and clinic visits as has been reported among other populations.(10,32,42) Understanding the social factors related to diabetes outcomes in this population is important given the documented health care d…”
ResultHolland, A. C., Kennedy, M. C., & Hwang, S. W. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011001327 · Cited by 37
“higher rates of hospitalization and with more frequent use of emergency departments((9)).”
BackgroundFood insecurity and mental health outcomes among homeless adults: a scoping review
Loftus, E. I., Lachaud, J., Hwang, S. W., & Mejía-Lancheros, C. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020001998 · Cited by 35
“recruited homeless participants from a specific programme such as the Research on Access to Care in the Homeless Cohort, a cohort of HIV-infected homeless and marginally housed adults(25,31), or identified homeless individuals through their use of services for the homeless including clinical services(26), temporary sh…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKim, J. E., Flentje, A., Tsoh, J. Y., & Riley, E. D. (2017) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-017-0166-x · Cited by 35
“sources of stress for many homeless individuals [9, 10].”
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“These social needs are complex but include food insufficiency [36], dry clothing [19], and shelter [19, 23, 37].”
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“Multiple past studies have found that social factors such as homelessness and food insecurity are associated with health services use, and a large literature on the social determinants of health has shown clearly that social needs and physical health are intricately linked (Baggett et al., 2011; Bradley, Elkins, Herri…”
BackgroundInfluentialSuh, K., Beck, J., Katzman, W. B., & Allen, D. D. (2020) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2020.1809045 · Cited by 33
“…has documented the lower health status and increased healthcare utilization of people who are homeless but has not specifically delineated the prevalence of physical dysfunction typically involved in geriatric syndromes (Baggett et al., 2011; Cohen, 1999; Gelberg, Linn, and Mayer-Oakes, 1990).”
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“A study based on a national sample of homeless adults also found higher odds of psychiatric hospitalizations among those with food insufficiency.(29) In addition, Ma et al, using the National Survey of America’s Families, showed that families that experience housing instability and FI without experiencing homelessness…”
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“However, considering the daily challenges of meeting subsistence needs (Baggett et al., 2011) and avoiding victimization while living on the streets, homeless individuals lack a sense of control and security over various aspects of their life (e.g., where to sleep, what to eat, and with whom it is…”
BackgroundCare Coordination Can Reduce Unmet Needs of Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness
Isaacs, A. N., Beauchamp, A., Sutton, K., & Kocaali, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00563 · Cited by 30
“Homeless people with mental health problems are known to experience food insecurity (15, 16) because homelessness prevents the preparation and storage of food as well as precludes market and nonmarket activities needed for the preparation of food (17).”
BackgroundAssociation of Problematic Alcohol Use and Food Insecurity among Homeless Men and Women
Reitzel, L. R., Chinamuthevi, S., Daundasekara, S. S., Hernandez, D. C., Chen, T. A., Harkara, Y., Obasi, E. M., Kendzor, D. E., & Businelle, M. S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103631 · Cited by 30
“enable sufficient food access [5,6], and alcohol use problems [7].”
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Koh, K. A., Bharel, M., & Henderson, D. C. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015002682 · Cited by 30
“The prevalence of food insufficiency is sixfold greater in the US homeless population than in the general population((2)).”
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Food Insecurity in Homeless Families in the Paris Region (France): Results from the ENFAMS Survey
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“Nevertheless, some studies have shown that 38 homeless people are dramatically affected by food insecurity [4-7].”
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A Warm Meal and a Bed: Intersections of Housing and Food Security in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside
Miewald, C. E., & Ostry, A. (2014) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2014.920769 · Cited by 28
“…housed, or living in social housing.1 From a food security standpoint, research has been done on the food security status of homeless populations (Baggett et al., 2011; Dachner et al., 2009); however, those who are marginally housed have received little attention and far less has been written…”
BackgroundHomeless and hungry: food insecurity in the land of plenty
Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Willis, D. E. (2020) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01115-x · Cited by 26
Identifying and understanding gaps in services for adults experiencing homelessness
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O'Campo, P. J., Hwang, S. W., Gozdzik, A., Schuler, A., Shriqui, V. K., Poremski, D., Lazgare, L. I. P., Distasio, J., Belbraouet, S., & Addorisio, S. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017000489 · Cited by 27
“These discrepant findings may further be due to differences in the composition of populations studied (compared with other studies, the participants in the current study were all experiencing both homeless and mental illness)((13)), use of different measures of food security and use of different predictors in analyses…”
InfluentialLachaud, J., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Wang, R., Wiens, K., Nisenbaum, R. A., Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., & O'Campo, P. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232001 · Cited by 23
“Prior studies indicate homeless individuals disproportionately experience food insecurity more than the general population [12,13,28,29].”
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“…nutritional intake (Alaimo, Briefel, Frongillo, & Olson, 1998; Alaimo, Olson, & Frongillo, 2001, 2002; Alaimo, Olson, Frongillo, & Briefel, 2001; Baggett et al., 2011; Basiotis, 1992; Briefel & Woteki, 1992; Cristofar & Basiotis, 1992; Franke et al., 2011; German et al., 2011; Okechukwu, El…”
Does food insufficiency in childhood contribute to dementia in later life?
Momtaz, Y. A., Haron, S. A., Hamid, T.-A., Ibrahim, R., & Masud, J. (2014) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s69220 · Cited by 21
Food insecurity and homelessness in the Journeys Home survey
Hérault, N., & Ribar, D. C. (2017) · Journal of Housing Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2017.05.001 · Cited by 21
“…be particularly detrimental for the homeless, with studies documenting that food hardships and nutritional deficits for the homeless are associated with higher rates of health problems, chronic conditions, hospitalization, and emergency room treatment (Baggett et al. 2011; Hamelin and Hamel 2009).”
Macias‐Konstantopoulos, W., Ciccolo, G. E., Muzikansky, A., & Samuels‐Kalow, M. E. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.12678 · Cited by 20
“Employment Are you currently unemployed and looking for work? Yes 14 (12) 14 (12) 28 (12)”
BackgroundInfluentialFood Insecurity Among Formerly Homeless Individuals Living in Permanent Supportive Housing
Bowen, E. A., Lahey, J., Rhoades, H., & Henwood, B. F. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304927 · Cited by 19
Homelessness, Offending, Victimization, and Criminal Legal System Contact
McCarthy, B., & Hagan, J. L. (2023) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-022422-020934 · Cited by 19
Health Care for Homeless and Unstably Housed: Overcoming Barriers
Rabiner, M., & Weiner, A. (2012) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.21339 · Cited by 18
Equity of health service utilization of urban residents: data from a western Chinese city
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“Currently, foreign researchers pay considerable attention to the health service utilization of specific groups such as children living along a river valley,(10) women,(11) gays,(12) and the homeless.(13) Domestic researchers pay more attention to the parallel equity of health service utilization of rural residents, es…”
BackgroundBowen, E. A., & Irish, A. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018000356 · Cited by 18
Hernandez, D. C., Daundasekara, S. S., Arlinghaus, K. R., Sharma, A. P., Reitzel, L. R., Kendzor, D. E., & Businelle, M. S. (2019) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100824 · Cited by 19
“Among homeless adults, food insecurity has also been associated with psychiatric hospitalizations, higher rates of hospitalization for any cause, and more visits to the emergency department, compared with food secure, homeless individuals (Baggett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Housing Situations of Food Bank Users in Great Britain
Clair, A., Fledderjohann, J., Lalor, D., & Loopstra, R. (2019) · Social Policy and Society · doi:10.1017/s1474746419000150 · Cited by 17
“This is consistent with research in other high-income countries highlighting high rates of severe food insecurity among homeless youth and adults (Dachner and Tarasuk, 2002; Whitbeck et al., 2006; Tarasuk et al., 2009; Baggett et al., 2011; Holland et al., 2011).”
ResultCross-sectional Analysis of Food Insecurity and Frequent Emergency Department Use
Estrella, A., Scheidell, J. D., Khan, M. R., Castelblanco, D. G., Mijanovich, T., Lee, D. J., Gelberg, L., & Doran, K. M. (2021) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2021.3.50981 · Cited by 16
Woodhall‐Melnik, J., Misir, V., Shriqui, V. K., O'Campo, P. J., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137069 · Cited by 16
“Food insufficiency is one of the factors associated with poor health outcomes in the homeless population [5].”
BackgroundBaggett, T. P., Yaqubi, A., Berkowitz, S. A., Kalkhoran, S. M., McGlave, C., Chang, Y., Campbell, E. G., & Rigotti, N. A. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5375-z · Cited by 17
“In turn, these adults are more likely to be medically or psychiatrically hospitalized and to be high users of emergency department services [18].”
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Schoenfeld, E. M., Lin, M., & Samuels‐Kalow, M. E. (2022) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14451 · Cited by 12
Donley, A. M., & Wright, J. D. (2017) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12550 · Cited by 12
Homelessness and Health Disparities: A Health Equity Lens
Bowen, E. A., Savino, R. F., & Irish, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03727-7_3 · Cited by 12
Arenas, D. J., Zhou, S., Thomas, A., Wang, J., Vilá-Arroyo, G., & Bash, K. (2018) · doi:10.31232/osf.io/uk9xw · Cited by 11
Hainstock, M., & Masuda, J. R. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102197 · Cited by 12
Food insufficiency and mental health service utilisation in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic
Nagata, J. M., Ganson, K. T., Cattle, C. J., Whittle, H. J., Tsai, A. C., & Weiser, S. D. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021003001 · Cited by 11
Wetherill, M., Caywood, L. T., Hollman, N., Carter, V., Gentges, J., Sims, A., & Henderson, C. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204417 · Cited by 10
Hypertension in a Low-income and Homeless Community Sample
Huckabay, L. M. D., & Reynolds, G. L. (2016) · Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education · doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000399 · Cited by 10
Acute Health Care Utilization among Food-insecure Children in Primary Care Practices
Palakshappa, D., Khan, S. M., Feudtner, C., & Fiks, A. G. (2016) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2016.0127 · Cited by 11
Drescher, N. R., & Oladeru, O. T. (2022) · JCO Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/op.22.00720 · Cited by 10
Jackson, C. L., Hart, C. A., Uribe-Lacy, C. J., Yang, P., & Tsai, J. (2025) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549241305349 · Cited by 8
“10,21 Various studies have highlighted the benefits of integrated health care and social services for people experiencing HIH.”
Pan, Y., Metsch, L. R., Wang, W., Philbin, M. M., Kyle, T. L., Gooden, L. K., & Feaster, D. J. (2020) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-020-00597-x · Cited by 11
Whittle, H. J., Wolfe, W. R., Sheira, L. A., Frongillo, E. A., Palar, K., Merenstein, D. J., Wilson, T. E., Adedimeji, A., Cohen, M. H., Wentz, E., et al. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000232 · Cited by 8
“, 2013); and among a national sample of homeless adults, food insufficiency was associated with three times higher odds of psychiatric hospitalisation (Baggett et al., 2011).”
John, D. A., Adams, E. A., McGowan, L. J., Joyes, E. C., Richmond, C., Beyer, F. R., Landes, D., Watt, R. G., Sniehotta, F. F., Paisi, M., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080160 · Cited by 7
Adams, E., Lu, M. M., Duan, R., Chao, A. K., Kessler, H. C., Miller, C. D., Richter, A. G., Latyshev, D. G., Dastoor, J. D., Eckburg, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16790-6 · Cited by 8
“Although food insecurity and undernutrition are known to be prevalent in the unhoused community [12, 16, 18], limited literature has characterized the resources that the unhoused have in obtaining adequate nutrition.”
BackgroundFood Acquisition Strategies of Homeless Youth in the Greater Seattle Area: A Cross- Sectional Study
Kloubec, J., & Harris, C. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.05.013 · Cited by 6
Food Insecurity and Homelessness in the Journeys Home SurveyPreprint
Hérault, N. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2764548 · Cited by 6
Cronley, C. C., Keaton, C., Hopman, D., & Nelson, L. P. (2019) · Journal of Children and Poverty · doi:10.1080/10796126.2019.1633074 · Cited by 6
“These finding are counterintuitive considering results from a national survey of homeless individuals showing that 25% reported food insufficiency (Baggett et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultFood insecurity and acute care utilisation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Berzins, S. A., Dahal, R., Adhikari, K., Lorenzetti, D., & Tang, K. L. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-003365 · Cited by 3
Bridging the Gap: Integrating Food Security into Healthcare for Healthier Futures – A Scoping Review
Tohit, N. F. M., Ya, R. M., & Haque, M. (2025) · Advances in Human Biology · doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_22_25 · Cited by 8
Tomko, C. A., Musci, R. J., Kaufman, M. R., Underwood, C. R., Decker, M. R., & Sherman, S. G. (2022) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2022.2121374 · Cited by 3
“…by embracing the complex web of SV that often exist (e.g., 25–65% of adults experiencing homelessness are also food insecure) and may not easily be disentangled and analyzed separately in a meaningful way (Baggett et al., 2011; German & Latkin, 2012; Hamelin & Hamel, 2009; Parpouchi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPurakal, J. D., Moon, G., Lee, G. S., Yuan, M., Dukkipati, H., Zheng, J. J., Verma, A., Spratt, S. E., & Bettger, J. P. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.13080 · Cited by 2
Street Medicine as Service Learning: Lessons from a Needs Assessment Conducted by Medical Students
Zeien, J., Hanna, J., Puracan, J., Rosales, C., & Hartmark-Hill, J. R. (2024) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.19373.2 · Cited by 3
Food Insecurity: Hidden Problems, Real Remedies
Fleegler, E. W., Frank, D. A., & Brett-Fleegler, M. B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65672-0_13 · Cited by 3
Lee, B., & Lippert, A. M. (2021) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2021.45.37 · Cited by 2
“For example, a variety of studies find that some homeless persons are more food insecure than others (Baggett et al. 2011; Lee and Greif 2008; Whitbeck, Chen, and Johnson 2006).”
BackgroundLachaud, J., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Wang, R., Liu, M., Nisenbaum, R. A., Stergiopoulos, V., Hwang, S. W., & O'Campo, P. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.608811 · Cited by 2
“Compared to the general population, homeless individuals have lower food security (14), lower nutrient intake, and diet insu�ciency (15, 16).”
BackgroundChung, G. K.-K., Chan, C. Y., Chan, S., & Wong, H. (2025) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980025100980 · Cited by 1
“These barriers to ensuring food access have significant public health implications, as homeless individuals experiencing food insecurity are closely linked to poorer health outcomes and greater healthcare needs (14 – 16) .”
The Nutrient Intake of Homeless Women of Grand Rapids, Michigan
Popma-Metsaars, E. D. (2014) · Language arts journal of Michigan · Cited by 1
Graham, R., Stolte, O., & Carr, P. A. (2022) · International Journal on Homelessness · doi:10.5206/ijoh.2022.1.14242 · Cited by 1
Zeien, J., Hanna, J., Puracan, J., Rosales, C., & Hartmark-Hill, J. R. (2022) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.19373.1 · Cited by 1
“Needs assessments in urban areas, such as Alameda County in California (Alameda County Health Care for the Homeless Program, 2015), have found that homeless persons (sheltered or unsheltered) experience rates of morbidity and mortality much higher than that of the general population (Baggett et al., 2011; Bandura, 200…”
BackgroundTargeting Diet and Physical Activity: Reaching Homeless Adults through Customized Interventions
Markus, S. A., Allicock, M. A., Businelle, M. S., Yudkin, J. S., & Kendzor, D. E. (2018) · Diversity & Equality in Health and Care · doi:10.21767/2049-5471.100172 · Cited by 1
“for both acute and chronic disease, with cancer and heart disease as leading causes of death among homeless adults ≥ 45 years of age [1-3].”
BackgroundPrécarité et réanimation : épidémiologie et pronostic
Bigé, N., Baudel, J.-L., Caron, A., Pichereau, C., Bourcier, S., Dubée, V., Galbois, A., Ait‐Oufella, H., Maury, É., & Guidet, B. (2015) · Réanimation · doi:10.1007/s13546-015-1080-4 · Cited by 1
“La réduction de l’espérance de vie des personnes SDF s’explique par l’incidence élevée des accidents et homicides [8], un taux important de dénutrition [28], la prévalence élevée de pathologies somatiques, notamment infectieuses [8] et cardiovasculaires [8,29], la survenue prématurée de pathologies et déficits fonctio…”
BackgroundFour Years of Voluntary Health Service among Homeless Persons in Rome
Matteoli, M., Scaringi, C., Bracci, S., Carella, P., Fruttaldo, L., Laurenza, M., & Angeloni, U. (2013) · Open Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.12966/ojssr.09.06.2013
Frostbite in Homeless Patient: Case Report and Review
Michael, J., McKee, P. A., & Dpm (2015)
Pettes, T. (2013) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Nutritious Meals for the Homeless Population: Challenges and Opportunities
Albrecht, K. A. (2017) · The Keep (Eastern Illinois University)
Socioeconomic deprivation and critical care: Epidemiology and prognosis
Bigé, N., Baudel, J.-L., Caron, A., Pichereau, C., Bourcier, S., Dubée, V., Galbois, A., Ait‐Oufella, H., Maury, É., & Guidet, B. (2015) · Réanimation
More Than Hunger: Nutrition and Food Issues
Utech, A. E., Going, C., & Kamdar, N. P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70135-2_17
International food security directed toward older adults: an overview
Wilson, D. W., Nash, P., Singh, R. B., Meester, F. D., Takahashi, T., & Buttar, H. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819815-5.00010-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Baggett, T. P., Singer, D. E., Rao, S. R., O’Connell, J. J., Bharel, M., & Rigotti, N. A.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baggett, Travis P.
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2011-01-29
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 627-634
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC3101971
- OpenAlex
- W2094329398
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 13.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Health Resources and Services Administration (T32 HP10251)
- U.S. Public Health Service (T32 HP10251)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR031982)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Security and Socioeconomic Dynamics
- Keywords
- food insufficiency, homelessness, health care utilization, hospitalization, emergency department utilization, psychiatric hospitalization, chronic homelessness, food insecurity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Data Collection, Eating, Female, Food Supply, Health Services, Ill-Housed Persons, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, United States, Malnutrition
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