Use of Z-Codes to Record Social Determinants of Health Among Fee-for-service Medicare Beneficiaries in 2017
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Z codes offer clinicians a standardized set of measures to document social, economic, and environmental issues faced by patients.
“These Z codes offer clinicians a standardized set of measures to document social, economic, and environmental issues faced by patients11.”
From Documentation of individual-level social determinants of health among adults diagnosed with cancer in the United States (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Fink DS, Keyes KM, Cerda M. Social Determinants of Population Health: A Systems Sciences Approach. Current epidemiology reports 2016;3:98- 105.
- Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, et al. Socioeconomic status and the 25 x 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1.7 million men and women. Lancet (London, England) 2017;389:1229-37.
- Allen J, Balfour R, Bell R, Marmot M. Social determinants of mental health. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 2014;26:392-407.
- Navathe AS, Zhong F, Lei VJ, et al. Hospital Readmission and Social Risk Factors Identified from Physician Notes. Health Serv Res 2018;53:1110- 36.
- Gottlieb L, Tobey R, Cantor J, Hessler D, Adler NE. Integrating Social And Medical Data To Improve Population Health: Opportunities And Barriers. Health affairs (Project Hope) 2016;35:2116-23.
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Truong, H. P., Luke, A. A., Hammond, G., Wadhera, R. K., Reidhead, M., & Joynt Maddox, K. E. (2020) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001418 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Hsu, C.-Y., Henderson, G., Slejko, J. F., Hussain, A., Swain, R. S., Kalesan, B., Huang, P.-L., & Onukwugha, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13825-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development and Validation of Computable Social Phenotypes for Health‐Related Social Needs
Gregory, M. E., Kasthurirathne, S. N., Magoc, T., McNamee, C., Harle, C. A., & Vest, J. R. (2024) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae150 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weeks, W. B., Cao, S. Y., Lester, C. M., Weinstein, J. N., & Morden, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weeks, William B.
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2019-07-19
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 952-955
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC7080897
- OpenAlex
- W2964159818
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Medical Coding and Health Information
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, Medicine and Society
- Keywords
- Z codes, social determinants of health, fee-for-service Medicare, psychiatric diagnosis, Medicaid enrollment, household income, Medicare spending, substance use disorders, psychosis, dementia, employment and unemployment
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Medicare, Humans, Medicaid, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Health Behavior, Fee-for-Service Plans, International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Coding, Social Determinants of Health
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