Mindfulness Training Reduces PTSD Symptoms and Improves Stress-Related Health Outcomes in Police Officers
Open accessAbstract
Law enforcement officers are regularly exposed directly and indirectly to a wide variety of traumatic stressors, which take place against a backdrop of high levels of organizational stressors. Consequently, this group is at elevated risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other negative physical and mental health outcomes, yet there are few empirically supported interventions to proactively mitigate the effects of occupational stress for this population. Recent studies suggest that training in mindfulness meditation may reduce perceived stress and improve related physical and mental health outcomes in this group. We sought to demonstrate feasibility, acceptability, and adherence for an 8-week mindfulness training program in 30 officers from a mid-sized, Midwestern U.S. police department, replicate findings of improved stress-related health outcomes, and provide novel evidence for reduced PTSD symptoms. All 30 officers completed the training, with high rates of class attendance, substantial out-of-class practice time, and good acceptability of the training and teachers. We replicated findings of reduced post-training perceived stress, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and burnout. We also identified novel evidence for reduced PTSD symptoms that persisted at a 5-month follow-up assessment. These results indicate key targets for future investigation in larger, mechanistic, randomized controlled trials of mindfulness training in police officers.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Grupe et al. (2021) applied a similar MBI and demonstrated improvements in work stress, sleep quality, mental health outcomes, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.
“Furthermore, Grupe et al. (2021) applied a similar MBI and demonstrated improvements in work stress, sleep quality, mental health outcomes, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.”
From Impact of Mindfulness Training on Spanish Police Officers’ Mental and Emotional Health: a Non-Randomized Pilot Study (2022) · cites this paper as Grupe et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285 · see citing works
(1988) · Cited by 4,111 · see citing works
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress <sup>1</sup>
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x · Cited by 2,675 · see citing works
Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., Sleicher, D., Maron, D. D., Shihab, H. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018 · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M.-A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005 · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
The Work Limitations Questionnaire
Lerner, D., Amick, B. C., Rogers, W. H., Malspeis, S., Bungay, K. M., & Cynn, D. J. (2001) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200101000-00009 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Demerouti, E. (2005) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370500340728 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Black, D. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12998 · Cited by 599 · cited 4× · see citing works
“pulse, and a blood draw used to assay high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of peripheral inflammation that shows reductions in some mindfulness interventions (Black and Slavich 2016).”
InfluentialBlack, D. S., O’Reilly, G. A., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., & Irwin, M. R. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8081 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers
Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Barger, L. K., Lockley, S. W., Shea, S. A., Wang, W., Landrigan, C. P., O’Brien, C. S., Qadri, S., Sullivan, J. P., Cade, B. E., et al. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1851 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation.
Hare, T. A., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Glover, G. H., & Casey, B. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.038 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Physical evidence of police officer stress
Anderson, G. S., Litzenberger, R., & Plecas, D. (2002) · Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management · doi:10.1108/13639510210429437 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Polusny, M. A., Erbes, C. R., Thuras, P., Moran, A., Lamberty, G. J., Collins, R. C., Rodman, J. L., & Lim, K. O. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8361 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Sources of occupational stress in the police
Brown, J. M., & Campbell, E. A. (1990) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379008256993 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
McCreary, D. R., & Thompson, M. M. (2006) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.494 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police
Liberman, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Fagan, J. A., Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (2002) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510210429446 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
A mind you can count on: validating breath counting as a behavioral measure of mindfulness
Levinson, D. B., Stoll, E. L., Kindy, S. D., Merry, H. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01202 · Cited by 287 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…Affective Go/No-Go task (Hare et al. 2005), which assesses the impact of social-emotional stimuli on inhibitory control, and the Breath Count task (Levinson et al. 2014), a measure of sustained attention to the breath and mind wandering that has been put forth as a putative behavioral indicator…”
Self-citationCardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors in Law Enforcement Personnel
Zimmerman, F. H. (2012) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0b013e318248d631 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Routine Work Environment Stress and PTSD Symptoms in Police Officers
Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Henn‐Haase, C., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181b975f8 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Enhancing Emotion-Regulation Skills in Police Officers: Results of a Pilot Controlled Study
Berking, M., Meier, C., & Wupperman, P. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.001 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Weiss, D. S., Brunet, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Liberman, A., Pole, N., Fagan, J. A., & Marmar, C. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20576 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Initial elevation bias in subjective reports
Shrout, P. E., Stadler, G., Lane, S. P., McClure, M. J., Jackson, G. L., Clavél, F. D., Iida, M., Gleason, M. E. J., Xu, J. H., & Bolger, N. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1712277115 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Violanti, J. M., Burchfiel, C. M., Miller, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Dorn, J. M., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Beighley, C. M., Pierino, K., Joseph, P. N., Vena, J. E., et al. (2005) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.054 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Christopher, M. S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L. R. J., Bowen, S., Rogers, B. S., Gross, C. R., Dapolonia, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.059 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Christopher, M. S., Goerling, R. J., Rogers, B. S., Hunsinger, M., Baron, G., Bergman, A. L., & Zava, D. T. (2016) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-015-9161-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Critical Incident Exposure and Sleep Quality in Police Officers
Neylan, T. C., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Weiss, D. S., Fagan, J. A., Liberman, A., Rogers, C. E., Vedantham, K., Brunet, A., Lipsey, T. L., et al. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00019 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Health disparities in police officers: comparisons to the U.S. general population.
Hartley, T. A., Burchfiel, C. M., Fekedulegn, D. B., Andrew, M. E., & Violanti, J. M. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Brown, A. D., Henn‐Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031314 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Franke, W. D., Collins, S. A., & Hinz, P. N. (1998) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-199805000-00006 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dickstein, B. D., Weathers, F. W., Angkaw, A. C., Nievergelt, C. M., Yurgil, K. A., Nash, W. P., Baker, D. G., Litz, B. T., & the Marine Resiliency Study Team (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114548683 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Fox, J. P., Desai, M. M., Britten, K., Lucas, G. I., Luneau, R., & Rosenthal, M. S. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The effects of stress management interventions among police officers and recruits
Patterson, G. T., Chung, I. W., & Swan, P. G. (2012) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2012.7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Relation Between Mindfulness and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Police Officers
Chopko, B. A., & Schwartz, R. C. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.674442 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Milwaukee Police Department Retirees
Ramey, S. L., Downing, N. R., & Franke, W. D. (2009) · AAOHN Journal · doi:10.3928/08910162-20091019-02 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Trauma-Related Sleep Problems and Associated Health Outcomes in Police Officers: A Path Analysis
Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518767912 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Emotion management: A study of police response to tragic events.
Pogrebin, M. R., & Poole, E. D. (1995) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Goerling RJ (2012). Police officer resilience and community building. Proceedings of ASBBS, 19(1), 394– 397.
- Hartley TA, Mnatsakanova A, Burchfiel CM, & Violanti JM (2014). Stressors and associated health effects for women police officers. In Violanti JM (Ed.), Dying for the Job: Police Work Exposure and Health. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Denkova, E., Zanesco, A. P., Rogers, S. L., & Jha, A. P. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112794 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Trombka, M., Demarzo, M., Campos, D., Antonio, S. B., Cicuto, K., Walcher, A. L., García-Campayo, J., Schuman-Olivier, Z., & Rocha, N. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624876 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Working hours, sleep, and fatigue in the public safety sector: A scoping review of the research
Allison, P., Tiesman, H. M., Wong, I. S., Bernzweig, D., James, L., James, S., Navarro, K. M., & Patterson, P. D. (2022) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23407 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Anderson, S. A., Haraldsdottir, K., & Watson, D. (2021) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000919 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Grupe, D. W., Stoller, J. L., Alonso, C. M., McGehee, C., Smith, C., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., & Davidson, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720753 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Police Officers
Hoeve, M., de Bruin, E. I., van Rooij, F. B., & Bögels, S. M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01631-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ponder, W. N., Walters, K. J., Simons, J. S., Simons, R. M., Jetelina, K. K., & Carbajal, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.097 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mindfulness training, cognitive performance and stress reduction
Charness, G. B., Bihan, Y. L., & Villeval, M. C. (2023) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.10.027 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Iacolino, C., Cervellione, B., Isgrò, R., Lombardo, E. M. C., Ferracane, G., Barattucci, M., & Ramaci, T. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13010006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Baker, L. D., Ponder, W. N., Carbajal, J., Galusha, J. M., Hidalgo, J. E., & Price, M. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.038 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Navarrete, J., García-Salvador, M. Á., Cebolla, A., & Baños, R. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01827-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Resilience Training Programs with Police Forces: A Systematic Review
Moreno, A. F., Karanika‐Murray, M., Batista, P., Hill, R., Vilalta, S. R., & Oliveira‐Silva, P. (2024) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09633-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The role of cognitive flexibility in moderating the effect of school-related stress exposure
Harel, O., Hemi, A., & Levy‐Gigi, E. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31743-0 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Edgelow, M., Scholefield, E., McPherson, M. Q., Mehta, S., & Ortlieb, A. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01772-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vadvilavičius, T., Varnagirytė, E., Jarašiūnaitė–Fedosejeva, G., & Gustainienė, L. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-022-09570-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
‘Policing’ a pandemic: Garda wellbeing and COVID-19
Rooney, L., & McNicholas, F. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.70 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Validation of the PCL-5, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 in a Sample of First Responders
Ahmadi, A., Galusha, J. M., Ponder, W. N., Carbajal, J., Schuman, D. L., Whitworth, J., & Yockey, R. A. (2023) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002823 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dumarkaitė, A., Truskauskaitė-Kunevičienė, I., Andersson, G., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.799259 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Burnout Among School Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
Alqassim, A. Y., Shami, M. O., Ageeli, A. A., Ageeli, M. H., Doweri, A. A., Melaisi, Z. I., Wafi, A. M., Muaddi, M. A., & El‐Setouhy, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.849328 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Affective Depression Mediates PTSD to Suicide in a Sample of Treatment-Seeking First Responders
Whitworth, J. D., Galusha, J. M., Carbajal, J., Ponder, W. N., & Schuman, D. L. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002724 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Developments in UK police wellbeing: A review of blue light wellbeing frameworks
Phythian, R., Birdsall, N., Kirby, S., Cooper, E., Posner, Z. M., & Boulton, L. J. (2022) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x211073003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kukucska, D., Whitehall, J. M., Shorter, G. W., Howlett, N., Wyld, K., & Chater, A. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09579-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chen, S., & Grupe, D. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01707-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMeaning of Work, Perceived Recognition and Social Support in PTSD Among Police Officers
Frapsauce, A., Gilibert, D., Samatan, A., & Sauvezon, C. (2022) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-022-09508-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rehder, K. L., Eddy, A., Kaplan, J., Bergman, A. L., & Christopher, M. (2021) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2021.0052 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adapting Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Treat Complex Trauma in Police Officers
Collazo, J. (2020) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-020-00770-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Christopher, M., Bowen, S. W., Witkiewitz, K. A., Grupe, D. W., Goerling, R. J., Hunsinger, M., Oken, B., Korecki, J. R., & Rosenbaum, N. A. (2024) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04452-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCarleton, R. N., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Teckchandani, T. A., Maguire, K. Q., Jamshidi, L., Shields, R. E., Afifi, T. O., Nisbet, J., Andrews, K. L., Stewart, S. H., et al. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152580 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Orme‐Johnson, D. W., Barnes, V. A., Rees, B. M., Tobin, J., & Walton, K. G. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60122050 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liu, C., Lin, L.-J., Zhang, K., & Chiou, W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070909 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Droogenbroeck, F. V., Ivković, S. K., & Spruyt, B. (2021) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2021.2003360 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Imhoff‐Smith, T., & Grupe, D. W. (2023) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001566 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbajal, J., Ponder, W. N., Malthaner, L., Shahan, K. L., Jetelina, K. K., Galusha, J. M., & Schuman, D. L. (2022) · Journal of Social Behavioral and Health Sciences · doi:10.5590/jsbhs.2022.16.1.08 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Brief mindfulness training for Canadian public safety personnel well-being
Stevenson, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.263 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ramos-Galarza, C., Flores, F., Argoti, T., Díaz‐Guerra, D. D., Hernández-Lugo, M. D. L. C., & Broche‐Pérez, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1580673 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among First Responders
Zegel, M., Leonard, S. J., Healy, N. A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38149-2_21 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Changes in somatic and mental health indicators of instructor-officers under stress
Okhrimenko, I. M., Fedyk, A. O., Zhygalkina, N. V., Yemanov, V., TROBYUK, V., Miroshnychenko, O. M., & Yermak, S. M. (2024) · Wiadomości Lekarskie · doi:10.36740/wlek202402116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Professional Stress in Law Enforcement: Foreign and Domestic Research Experience
Владимировна, Я. З. (2023) · Психолог · doi:10.25136/2409-8701.2023.1.39851 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Saúde mental na Segurança Pública frente à pandemia: uma revisão narrativa
Guimarães, L. A. M., Massuda, J., & de Oliveira, F. F. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências Policiais · doi:10.31412/rbcp.v14i12.1025 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Okhrimenko, I. M., Halych, Y. V., Vavryk, L. V., Сергійович, В. М., & Krapivina, N. V. (2024) · Wiadomości Lekarskie · doi:10.36740/wlek202402115 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Killeen, T. K., Baker, N. L., Davis, L. L., Bowen, S., & Brady, K. T. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209116 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, C., Lin, L.-J., Zhang, K., Liu, T.-H., & Chiou, W. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13101213 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Introducing Mindfulness Training and Research Into Policing
Grupe, D. W., Smith, C., & McGehee, C. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6820-0.ch007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationBagarić, B., & Markanović, D. (2021) · Kriminologija & socijalna integracija : časopis za kriminologiju, penologiju i poremećaje u ponašanju · doi:10.31299/ksi.29.1.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Economou, P. J., McGehee, C., Torres, C., Anderson, S. A., & Sanfilippo, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2024-0009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationGaskin, J., Li, W. W., van Eijk, L., & Sarnyai, Z. (2025) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2025.2506647 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ji, X., Ding, H., & Meng, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1689318 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A pilot study on the efficacy of an online mindfulness intervention for Canadian police officers
Fleischmann, M. H., Boudreau, A., Vincent, M., Charman, M., Collie, E., Johnston, R., & Khoury, B. (2024) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.364 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wellness, Resilience, and Mindfulness
Lebeaut, A., Zegel, M., Fletcher, E., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38149-2_9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trauma-Informed Neurofeedback for Law Enforcement Occupational and Organizational Stress
Spears, J., Romero, D. E., McVay, K. E., & Surrat, E. (2024) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.11.1.81 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oh, H.-K., Ko, M.-S., & Lim, J. (2024) · Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics · doi:10.21032/jhis.2024.49.2.97 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kerušauskaitė, S., Simione, L., Chiarella, S. G., Calabrese, L., Sardilli, S., Girolami, D., & Raffone, A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/c82pm · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Intercultural competence in the training and daily professional lives of police officers
Mihailovs, I. J. (2023) · SOCRATES Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law · doi:10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.91-95 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Labrecque, R. M., Lindquist, C., Tueller, S., Tucker, W., & Allen, A. L. (2024) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2024.2425671 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thiemann, M., Sutter, C., & Sülzenbrück, S. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-024-09726-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Harris, M., & Collings, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09767-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flanagan, A. Y., Peele, H., Obus, E. A., Dicette, K., Hill, T. L., Yu, N., Hicks, G., Pelella, M. R., King-Pointer, A., Owens, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06994-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beyond denial: Police‐recommended solutions to community policing challenges
Fix, R. L. (2025) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12810 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mindfulness Training, Cognitive Performance and Stress ReductionPreprint
Charness, G. B., Bihan, Y. L., & Villeval, M. C. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4578420 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mindful Non-Judging and Posttraumatic Reactions in Police Academy Cadets: A Path Analysis
Chopko, B. A., Adams, R. E., Davis, J., Pelger, T. L., & Palmieri, P. A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02402-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peace Officer PTSD and Compound Trauma: Operational Risks, Treatment Options, and Stigma Management
MacLean, C. E. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1007328 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ramdani, C., & Kotsou, I. (2025) · Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/15555240.2025.2541014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sullins, V. F., Gonzales, P. A., Malotte, M., & Lebares, C. C. (2025) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2025.08.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Okhrimenko, I. M., Pasko, O. M., Prudka, L. M., Matiienko, T. V., Smirnova, O. M., Serednytska, I. A., & Лебедєва, Н. А. (2025) · Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski · doi:10.36740/merkur202506110 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological mental health interventions for law enforcement officers: A systematic review
Delgado, H. N., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2026.152098 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Group processes and physiological health in group-based interventions: A systematic review
Lebedová, A., Griffin, S. M., Ahern, E., & Muldoon, O. T. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261436307 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Morley, R. H., Fulton, C. L., Bowman, S. W., & Trujillo, L. T. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09612-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mindfulness for the Mental Resilience of Police Officers: A systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Reitsema, M., de Hoog, N., & de Snoo, T.-P. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/69k75 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hofmann, L., & Wagner, B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34394-1_38-1
Hofmann, L., & Wagner, B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34388-0_38
Stevenson, R. M. (2023) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.339
Mindfulness Training, Cognitive Performance and Stress ReductionPreprint
Charness, G. B., Bihan, Y. L., & Villeval, M. C. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4574467
Potential Aetiologies of PTSD and Possible Interventions and Treatment
He, Z. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/23/20230442
Perspective Chapter: Meditation as a Self-care Routine to Prepare for and Cope with Stress
Bakker, F. E. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006871
Examining Collected qEEGs of SWAT Team Operators: A Pilot Study
Rich, W. Z., Romero, D. E., Spears, J. R., Jones, M. S., & Cummins, G. P. (2024) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-024-09702-w
Steensma-Young, S., & Berle, D. (2025) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-025-09730-0
Marthiensen, M., & Cohen, K. (2025) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-08-2024-0128 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Toward the Design of VR-based Mindfulness Training Elements for Law Enforcement Officers
Kim, Y., & Mehta, R. K. (2025) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/10711813251381731
First-Responder Attachment–Related Distress and Suicide
Ponder, W. N., Carbajal, J., Schuman, D. L., Yockey, R. A., Galusha, J. M., & Stewart, C. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003570
Do Contemplative Practices Promote Trauma Recovery? A Narrative Review from 2018 to 2023
Scafuto, F., Quinto, R. M., Orrù, G., Lazzarelli, A., Ciacchini, R., & Conversano, C. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13222825 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Impact of Prior Military Experience and Burnout on Police Officer Use of Force
Fiske, Z. R., & Schriver, J. L. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09820-7
Feasibility of Mindfulness Training for Police Officers at the Spanish National Police Academy
Navarrete, J., García-Salvador, M. Á., Rodríguez‐Freire, C., Feliu‐Soler, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09818-1
Majumdar, S., Samaiya, P. K., Ahmed, S., Krishnamurthy, S., & Prajapati, S. K. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12032-1
Бабчук, О. Г., Pasko, O. M., Matiienko, T. V., Zhuk, N. T., Dmytruk, Z. A., Serednytska, I. A., & Okhrimenko, I. M. (2026) · Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski · doi:10.36740/merkur202603108
Différences de genre et santé mentale en milieu policier : une revue de la littérature
Angehrn, A., & Desrochers, A. B. (2026) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1126760ar
Integrative and mind-body approaches to law enforcement professional wellness
Eitzen, J., Holden, S., MacElhern, L., & Vieten, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1900573
Hoeve, M., van Rooij, F. B., Bögels, S. M., & de Bruin, E. I. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09860-z
Lyusova, T. (2026) · Психология и Психотехника · doi:10.7256/2454-0722.2026.3.81584
- Authors
- Grupe, D. W., McGehee, C., Smith, C., Francis, A. D., Mumford, J. A., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grupe, Daniel W.
- Venue
- Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology
- Published
- 2019-11-29
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 72-85
- ISSN
- 0882-0783 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-6469
- PMC
- PMC7963215
- OpenAlex
- W2990786546
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000427)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH117222)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (WPP-ICTR grant #3086)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, post-traumatic stress disorder, police officers, occupational stress, perceived stress, sleep disorders, anxiety, burnout, feasibility and acceptability, trauma exposure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
