Transgenerational effects of fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine
Abstract
A wide variety of in utero insults are associated with an increased incidence of metabolic disorders in the offspring and in subsequent generations. We have shown that fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine results in endocrine and metabolic changes in the offspring that are consistent with those observed in type 2 diabetes. This study examines whether fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine has transgenerational effects in the F2 offspring. Female Wistar rats were given either saline or nicotine (1 mg/kg/d) during pregnancy and lactation to create saline- and nicotine-exposed female F1 progeny. These F1 females were then bred to produce F2 offspring. We examined glucose homeostasis, serum lipids and fat pad weights, mitochondrial enzyme activity in skeletal muscle and blood pressure in these F2 offspring between 13 and 15 weeks of age. Offspring of nicotine- versus saline-exposed mothers had elevated fasting serum insulin concentrations and an enhanced total insulin response to the glucose challenge. This apparent insulin resistance was unrelated to changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume or activity. The offspring of nicotine-exposed mothers also had elevated blood pressure. These data demonstrate that adverse effects of fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine can influence aspects of metabolic risk in subsequent generations.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Risk of chronic adult diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression is increased in IGUR offspring exposed to prenatal smoking or PNE.
“A variety of clinical epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the risk of chronic adult diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression are increased in IGUR offspring that were exposed to prenatal smoking or PNE”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Cites
1 retracted
Chang, H., Anway, M. D., Rekow, S. S., & Skinner, M. K. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0987 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
RetractedEpigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility
Anway, M. D., Cupp, A. S., Uzumcu, M., & Skinner, M. K. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1108190 · Cited by 2,563 · see citing works
Dysfunction of Mitochondria in Human Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes
Kelley, D. E., He, J., Menshikova, E. V., & Ritov, V. B. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944 · Cited by 2,321 · see citing works
Impaired Mitochondrial Activity in the Insulin-Resistant Offspring of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Petersen, K. F., Dufour, S., Befroy, D., Garcia, R., & Shulman, G. I. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031314 · Cited by 2,193 · see citing works
Developmental Origins of the Metabolic Syndrome: Prediction, Plasticity, and Programming
Mcmillen, I. C., & Robinson, J. S. (2005) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00053.2003 · Cited by 1,910 · see citing works
Deficiency of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Ritov, V. B., Menshikova, E. V., He, J., Ferrell, R. E., Goodpaster, B. H., & Kelley, D. E. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.1.8 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Morino, K., Petersen, K. F., & Shulman, G. I. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-s002 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Etiology of Insulin Resistance
Petersen, K. F., & Shulman, G. I. (2006) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.009 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Non‐genomic transgenerational inheritance of disease risk
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Beedle, A. S. (2007) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20522 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Zambrano, E., Martínez‐Samayoa, P. M., Bautista, C. J., Deás, M., Guillén-Pineda, L. E., Rodríguez-González, G. L., Guzmán, C., Larrea, F., & Nathanielsz, P. W. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086462 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Associations of Maternal Prenatal Smoking with Child Adiposity and Blood Pressure
Oken, E., Huh, S. Y., Taveras, E. M., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Gillman, M. W. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.248 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Smoking during pregnancy and diabetes mellitus in a British longitudinal birth cohort
Montgomery, S., & Ekbom, A. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7328.26 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Animal evidence for the transgenerational development of diabetes mellitus
Aerts, L., & Assche, F. A. V. (2005) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.07.006 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Parise, G., BROSE, A., & Tarnopolsky, M. G. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.09.002 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-reported nicotine exposure and plasma levels of cotinine in early and late pregnancy
GEORGE, L., GRANATH, F., JOHANSSON, A. L. V., & CNATTINGIUS, S. (2006) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340600935433 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Gestational diabetes leads to the development of diabetes in adulthood in the rat
Boloker, J., Gertz, S. J., & Simmons, R. A. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1499 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Mamun, A. A., Lawlor, D. A., Alati, R., O'Callaghan, M. J., Williams, G. M., & Najman, J. M. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj209 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Prenatal programming of postnatal endocrine responses by glucocorticoids
Bertram, C. E., & Hanson, M. A. (2002) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep.0.1240459 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Holloway, A. C., Lim, G. E., Petrik, J., Foster, W. G., Morrison, K. M., & Gerstein, H. C. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0022-5 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationUzumcu, M., & Zachow, R. J. (2006) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.006 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and health of the offspring
Martin‐Gronert, M. S., & Ozanne, S. E. (2006) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0340779 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bruin, J. E., Kellenberger, L. D., Gerstein, H. C., Morrison, K. M., & Holloway, A. C. (2007) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-07-0050 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThamotharan, M., Garg, M., Oak, S. A., Rogers, L. M., Pan, G., Sangiorgi, F. O., Lee, P. W. N., & Devaskar, S. U. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00462.2006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Fetal and Neonatal Exposure to Nicotine Disrupts Ovarian Function and Fertility in Adult Female Rats
Holloway, A. C., Kellenberger, L. D., & Petrik, J. (2006) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:30:2:213 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationChanséaume, E., Malpuech‐Brugère, C., Patrac, V., Biélicki, G., Rousset, P., Couturier, K., Salles, J., Renou, J.-P., Boirie, Y., & Morio, B. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.8.2194 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Soma, T., Kaganoi, J., Kawabe, A., Kondo, K., Imamura, M., & Shimada, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21948 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Transgenerational Effects of Radiation and Chemicals in Mice and Humans
Nomura, T. (2006) · Journal of Radiation Research · doi:10.1269/jrr.47.b83 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Long-Term Consequences of Fetal and Neonatal Nicotine Exposure: A Critical Review
Bruin, J. E., Gerstein, H. C., & Holloway, A. C. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq103 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citationMarczylo, E. L., Amoako, A. A., Konje, J. C., Gant, T. W., & Marczylo, T. H. (2012) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.19794 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Fetal Programming and Cardiovascular Pathology
Alexander, B. T., Dasinger, J. H., & Intapad, S. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140036 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Abbott, L. C., & Winzer‐Serhan, U. H. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Behl, M., Rao, D. P., Aagaard, K. M., Davidson, T. L., Levin, E. D., Slotkin, T. A., Srinivasan, S., Wallinga, D. B., White, M. F., Walker, V. R., et al. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1205404 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationMaritz, G. S., & Harding, R. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8030875 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sadeu, J. C., Hughes, C. L., Agarwal, S. K., & Foster, W. G. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2010.493552 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Early life factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Jiang, X., Ma, H., Wang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2013/485082 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Environmental Endocrine Disruption of Energy Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk
Kirkley, A. G., & Sargis, R. M. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0494-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pagani, L. S. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.008 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Xu, D., Liang, G., Yan, Y. E., He, W., Liu, Y. S., Chen, L. B., Magdalou, J., & Wang, X. (2012) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine and Their Interactions: A Mechanistic Review
Hurley, L. L., Taylor, R. E., & Tizabi, Y. (2011) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-011-9275-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ganu, R., Harris, R. A., Collins, K., & Aagaard, K. M. (2012) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.53.3-4.306 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
In utero exposure to tobacco smoke and subsequent reduced fertility in females
Ye, X., Skjærven, R., Basso, O., Baird, D. D., Eggesbø, M. Å., Cupul‐Uicab, L. A., Haug, K., & Longnecker, M. P. (2010) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deq235 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Prenatal nicotine exposure and the programming of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders
Somm, E., Schwitzgebel, V., Vauthay, D. M., Aubert, M. L., & Hüppi, P. S. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.026 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Liu, L., Liu, F., Kou, H., Zhang, B. J., Xu, D., Chen, B., Chen, L. B., Magdalou, J., & Wang, H. (2012) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wells, A. C., & Lotfipour, S. (2023) · Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research · doi:10.3389/adar.2023.11628 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
He, X., Lu, J., Dong, W., Jiao, Z., Zhang, C., Yu, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., & Xu, D. (2017) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-017-1996-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Petrik, J., Gerstein, H. C., Cesta, C. E., Kellenberger, L. D., Alfaidy, N., & Holloway, A. C. (2009) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-009-9229-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotine exposure and transgenerational impact: a prospective study on small regulatory microRNAs
Taki, F., Pan, X., Lee, M., & Zhang, B. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07513 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Perinatal exposure to nicotine and implications for subsequent obstructive lung disease
Maritz, G. S. (2013) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2012.03.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mohammadghasemi, F., Jahromi, S. K., Hajizadeh, H., Homafar, M. A., & Saadat, N. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
McDonald, S. D., Pesarchuk, E., Don-Wauchope, A., Zimaity, H. E., & Holloway, A. C. (2011) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAdolescent Substance Abuse, Transgenerational Consequences and Epigenetics
Salmanzadeh, H., Ahmadi-Soleimani, S. M., Azadi, M., Halliwell, R. F., & Azizi, H. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210303121519 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Early-Life Exposure to Substance Abuse and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood
Vaiserman, A. M. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0624-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Early life programming and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Lynch, C., Chan, C. S., & Drake, A. J. (2017) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174416000805 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Toledo‐Rodriguez, M., Loyse, N., Bourdon, C., Arab, S., & Pausová, Z. (2012) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.06.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Impact of Nicotine Replacement and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on Fetal Brain Development
Sailer, S., Sebastiani, G., Andreu-Férnández, V., & García-Algar, Ó. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16245113 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Long-term health consequences of early-life exposure to substance abuse: an epigenetic perspective
Vaiserman, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174413000123 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Somm, E. (2013) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-013-0266-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Torabi, R., Jenkins, S., Harker, A., Whishaw, I. Q., Gibb, R. L., & Luczak, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.686767 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Menon, R., & Fortunato, S. J. (2009) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.12.051 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fetal Programming and Cardiovascular Pathology
Alexander, B. T., Dasinger, J. H., & Intapad, S. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00618.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Heritable consequences of paternal nicotine exposure: from phenomena to mechanisms†
McCarthy, D. M., & Bhide, P. G. (2021) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioab116 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impact of nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine exposure on germline integrity and epigenome
Zeid, D., & Gould, T. J. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108127 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Transgenerational Effects of Perinatal Hormonal Imprinting
Csaba, G. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405944-3.00019-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xu, D., Bai, J., Zhang, L., Shen, L., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Xia, L., & Wang, H. (2014) · Toxicology Research · doi:10.1039/c4tx00092g · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ji, B., Zhao, G., Sakurai, R., Cao, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, D., Yan, M.-N., & Rehan, V. K. (2016) · Lung · doi:10.1007/s00408-016-9899-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chen, B., Lu, K., Ni, Q., Li, Q., Gao, H., Wang, H., & Chen, L. (2019) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.06.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of nicotine and stress exposure across generations in C57BL/6 mice
Yohn, N. L., Caruso, M. J., & Blendy, J. A. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1532991 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hunt, N. J., Russell, B., Du, M. K., Waters, K. A., & Machaalani, R. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13246 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impact of Maternal Nicotine Exposure on Expression of Myelin-Related Genes in Zebrafish Larvae
Zhao, S., Cui, W.-Y., Cao, J., Luo, C., Fan, L., & Li, M. D. (2013) · Zebrafish · doi:10.1089/zeb.2013.0889 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wu, D., He, Z., Chen, T., Liu, Y., Ma, L.-P., & Ping, J. (2016) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Secondhand smoke’s effects on brain development: ADHD and associated behaviors in children
El‐Beeh, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43994-023-00065-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
McKinlay, R., O’Shaughnessey, P., Sharpe, R. M., & Fowler, P. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-561-3_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smoking and Its Consequences on Male and Female Reproductive Health
Amor, H., Michael, J. P., Romeo, M., & Hammadeh, M. E. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104941 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Model of Epigenetic Inheritance Accounts for Unexpected Adaptation to Unforeseen Challenges
Osmanović, D., Rabin, Y., & Soen, Y. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202414297 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Detrimental Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine
Schneider, T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802574-1.00006-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alkylpyridines and Miscellaneous Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Kennedy, G. L. (2012) · Patty's Toxicology · doi:10.1002/0471435139.tox060.pub2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grigorieva, A. S. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/34961 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maternal Smoking Predicts Larger Waist Circumference and Skin Fold Measures by Middle Childhood
Fitzpatrick, C., Barnett, T. A., & Pagani, L. S. (2015) · JMED Research · doi:10.5171/2015.791127 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jenkins, S., Harker, A., & Gibb, R. L. (2022) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107062 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ng, J. W. Y., Felix, J. F., & Olson, D. M. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03168-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Torabi, R., Jenkins, S., Harker, A., Whishaw, I. Q., Gibb, R., & Luczak, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206961 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity
Oken, E., & Ozanne, S. E. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119695257.ch3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mutemwa, M. (2012) · University of the Western Cape Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of the Western Cape)
Epigenetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Perroud, N., Weibel, S., Aubry, J., & Dayer, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800226-1.00007-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alkylpyridines and Miscellaneous Organic Nitrogen Compounds
Peterson, M. K. (2023) · Patty's Toxicology · doi:10.1002/0471125474.tox060.pub3
Population model of epigenetic inheritance of acquired adaptation to changing environmentsPreprint
Osmanović, D., Rabin, Y., & Soen, Y. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.580565
Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco: Studies in Animal Models
Edenfield, R. C., D'Mello, R. J., Shorey‐Kendrick, L. E., Crosland, A., Hagen, O. L., McEvoy, C. T., Spindel, E. R., Murphy, S. K., Lo, J. O.-T., & Wetendorf, M. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12741-9_9
Kopa-Stojak, P. N., & Pawliczak, R. (2026) · Exposure and Health · doi:10.1007/s12403-026-00812-w
- Authors
- Holloway, A. C., Cuu, D. Q., Morrison, K. M., Gerstein, H. C., & Tarnopolsky, M. A.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Holloway, Alison C.
- Venue
- Endocrine
- Published
- 2007-08-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 254-259
- ISSN
- 0969-711X (ISSN-L)
- 1559-0100
- OpenAlex
- W2001881562
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Endocrine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McMaster University
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- transgenerational effects, prenatal nicotine exposure, maternal nicotine exposure, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, serum lipids, fat pad weight, blood pressure, metabolic risk, F2 progeny, Wistar rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Birth Weight, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Time Factors, Rats, Wistar, Adiposity, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
