Cited by 94Crime Patterns and InterventionsCriminal Justice and PenologyPolicing Practices and Perceptions
The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Emotional Fear of Crime vs. Perceived Safety and Risk: Implications for Measuring “Fear” and Testing the Broken Windows Thesis
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Crossref · 10.1007/s12103-014-9243-9
Cites
Statistics
Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.
Verification
Claims the paper makes
We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fear of crime is a distinct construct from commonly used measures such as perceived safety.
“Scholars continue to raise concerns that fear of crime is a distinct construct from commonly used measures such as perceive safety, and that failing to distinguish between these two can potentially lead to an overstatement of the level of fear of crime (Chataway, 2019; Foster et al., 2013; Hinkle, 2015).”
From Women's perceived safety in public places and public transport: A narrative review of contributing factors and measurement methods (2025) · cites this paper as Hinkle, 2015
Failing to distinguish fear of crime from perceived safety can potentially lead to an overstatement of the level of fear of crime.
“Scholars continue to raise concerns that fear of crime is a distinct construct from commonly used measures such as perceive safety, and that failing to distinguish between these two can potentially lead to an overstatement of the level of fear of crime (Chataway, 2019; Foster et al., 2013; Hinkle, 2015).”
From Women's perceived safety in public places and public transport: A narrative review of contributing factors and measurement methods (2025) · cites this paper as Hinkle, 2015
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 55
- Bratton, W. J., & Knobler, P. (1998). Turnaround: How America’s top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House.
- Ditton, J., Bannister, J., Gilchrist, E., & Farrall, S. (1999a). Attitudes toward crime, victimization and the police in Scotland: A comparison of white and ethnic minority views. Edinburgh: Scottish Office Central Research Unit Report.
- Ditton, J., Bannister, J., Gilchrist, E., & Farrall, S. (1999b). Afraid or angry? Recalibrating the ‘fear’ of crime. International Review of Victimology, 6(2), 83–99. · DOI
- Farrall, S. (2004). Revisiting crime surveys: Emotional responses without emotions? International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7(2), 157–171. · DOI
- Farrall, S., Bannister, J., Ditton, J., & Gilchrist, E. (1997). Questioning the measurement of the ‘fear of crime.’. British Journal of Criminology, 37(4), 658–679. · DOI
- Farrall, S., & Ditton, J. (1999). Improving the measurement of attitudinal responses: An example from a crime survey. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2(1), 55–68. · DOI
- Farrall, S., & Gadd, D. (2004). Research note: The frequency of the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 44, 127–132. · DOI
- Farrall, S., Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2009). Social order and the fear of crime in contemporary times. New York: Oxford University Press. · DOI
- Ferguson, K. M., & Mindel, C. H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime and Delinquency, 53(2), 322–350. · DOI
- Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Ferraro, K. F., & LaGrange, R. L. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57(1), 70–101. · DOI · Paper page
- Gabriel, U., & Greve, W. (2003). The psychology of fear of crime: Conceptual and methodological perspectives. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 600–614. · DOI
- Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the fear of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 80–97. · DOI
- Garofalo, J., & Laub, J. H. (1978). The fear of crime: Broadening our perspective. Victimology, 3(3–4), 242–253.
- Giuliani, R. W., & Kurson, K. (2002). Leadership. New York: Hyperion.
- Gray, E., Jackson, J., & Farrall, S. (2008). Reassessing the fear of crime. European Journal of Criminology, 5(3), 1477–3708. · DOI
- Gray, E., Jackson, J., & Farrall, S. (2011). Feelings and functions in the fear of crime: Applying a new approach to victimization insecurity. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 75–94. · DOI · Paper page
- Hinkle, J. C. (2013). The relationship between disorder, perceived risk and collective efficacy: A look into the indirect pathways of the broken windows thesis. Criminal Justice Studies, 4, 408–432. · DOI
- Hinkle, J. C., Weisburd, D., Famega, C., & Ready, J. (2014). The problem is not just sample size: The consequences of low base rates in policing experiments in smaller cities. Evaluation Review. doi: 10.1177/0193841X13519799 . · DOI · Paper page
- Hinkle, J. C., & Yang, S. (2014). A new look into broken windows: What shapes individuals’ perceptions of social disorder? Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 26–35. · DOI
- Hipp, J. R. (2010). Resident perceptions of crime and disorder: How much is “bias”, and how much is social environment differences? Criminology, 48(2), 475–508. · DOI
- Hough, M. (2004). Worry about crime: Mental events or mental states? International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7(2), 173–176. · DOI
- Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of incivility: Social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. Dallas: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology.
- Innes, M. (2004). Signal crimes and signal disorders: Notes on deviance as communicative action. The British Journal of Sociology, 55(3), 335–355. · DOI
- Jackson, J. (2009). A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Psychology, Crime and Law, 15(4), 365–390. · DOI
- Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2010). Functional fear and public insecurities about crime. British Journal of Criminology, 50, 1–22. · DOI
- Karmon, A. (2000). New York murder mystery: The true story behind the crime crash of the 1990s. New York: New York University Press.
- Kelling, G. L., & Coles, C. (1996). Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in American cities. New York: Free Press.
- Kelling, G. L., & Sousa, W. H. (2001). Do police matter? An analysis of the impact of New York City’s police reforms (Civic Report No., 22). New York: Manhattan Institute for Policy Research.
- Killias, M., & Clerici, C. (2000). Different measures of vulnerability in their relation to different dimensions of fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 437–450. · DOI
- Lewis, D. A., & Salem, G. (1986). Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
- Lum, C., Koper, C. S., & Telep, C. W. (2011). The evidence-based policing matrix. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 3–26. · DOI
- Maple, J., & Mitchell, C. (1999). The crime fighter: How you can make your community crime free. New York: Broadway.
- Markon, K. E., Chmielewsky, M., & Miller, C. J. (2001). The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopatholgy: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 856–879. · DOI · Paper page
- Pate, A. M., Skogan, W. G., Wycoff, M. A., & Sherman, L. W. (1985a). Reducing the “Signs of Crime:” The Newark Experience. Washington: The Police Foundation.
- Pate, A. M., Skogan, W. G., Wycoff, M. A., & Sherman, L. W. (1985b). Coordinated Community Policing: The Newark Experience. The Newark Experience. Washington: The Police Foundation.
- Rader, N. E., May, D. C., & Goodrum, S. (2007). An empirical assessment of the “threat of victimization:” Considering fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Sociological Spectrum, 27(5), 475–505. · DOI
- Rountree, P. W., & Land, K. C. (1996). Perceived risk versus fear of crime: Empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data. Social Forces, 74(4), 1353–1376. · DOI
- Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 603–651. · DOI · Paper page
- Silverman, E. B. (1999). NYPD battles crime: Innovative strategies in policing. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
- Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decline in American neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.
- St. Jean, P. K. B. (2007). Pockets of crime: Broken windows, collective efficacy, and the criminal point of view. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. · DOI
- Taylor, R. B. (2001). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, grime, gear, and decline. Boulder: Westview Press.
- Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65(3), 681–702.
- Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for policy and research. In Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, Volume 4 (pp. 451–489). Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
- Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J. C., Famega, C., & Ready, J. (2011). The possible “backfire” effects of hot Spots policing: An experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 297–320. · DOI · Paper page
- Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J. C., Famega, C., & Ready, J. (2012). Legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy in crime hot spots: Assessing the impacts of broken windows policing strategies on citizen attitudes. Washington: Department of Justice: National Institute of Justice. Grant No. 2007-IJ-CX-0047.
- Wilson, J. Q. (1975). Thinking about crime. New York: Basic Books.
- Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, 211, 29–38.
- Wyant, B. R. (2008). Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime: Isolating endogenous impacts. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(1), 29–64. · DOI
- Xu, Y., Fiedler, M. L., & Flaming, K. H. (2005). Discovering the impact of community policing: The broken windows thesis, collective efficacy and citizens’ judgment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42(2), 147–186. · DOI
- Yang, S. (2007). Causal or merely co-existing: A longitudinal study of disorder and violence at places (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). College Park: University of Maryland.
- Yang, S. (2010). Assessing the spatial-temporal relationship between disorder and violence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 139–163. · DOI
- Yang, S., & Hinkle, J. C. (2012). Issues in survey design–Using surveys of victimization and fear of crime as examples. In L. Gideon (Ed.), The Handbook of Survey Methodology in Social Sciences (pp. 443–462). New York: Springer. · DOI
- Yang, S., & Wyckoff, L. A. (2010). Perceptions of safety and victimization: Does survey construction affect perceptions? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6(3), 293–323. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dubey, S., Bailey, A., & Lee, J. (. (2025) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105534 · Cited by 67
Metadata
- Authors
- Hinkle, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Georgia State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hinkle, Joshua C.
- ORCID
- Hinkle, Joshua C.
- Venue
- American Journal of Criminal Justice
- Published
- 2014-04-29
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 147-168
- ISSN
- 1066-2316 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-1351
- OpenAlex
- W2050867164
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- American Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- fear of crime, perceived safety, risk perception, broken windows theory, crime prevention, replication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
