Eleusine indica L. possesses antioxidant activity and precludes carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated oxidative hepatic damage in rats
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of aqueous extract of Eleusine indica to protect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic injury in rats. METHODS: The antioxidant activity of E. indica was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The total phenolic content of E. indica was also determined. Biochemical parameters [e.g. alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase] were used to evaluate hepatic damage in animals pretreated with E. indica and intoxicated with CCl₄. CCl₄-mediated hepatic damage was also evaluated by histopathologically. RESULTS: E. indica extract was able to reduce the stable DPPH level in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value was 2350 μg/ml. Total phenolic content was found to be 14.9 ± 0.002 mg/g total phenolic expressed as gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract. Groups pretreated with E. indica showed significantly increased activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to the CCl₄-intoxicated group (p < 0.05). The increased levels of serum ALT and AST were significantly prevented by E. indica pretreatment (p < 0.05). The extent of MDA formation due to lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and reduced GSH was significantly increased in a dose-dependently manner (p < 0.05) in the E. indica-pretreated groups as compared to the CCl₄-intoxicated group. The protective effect of E. indica was further evident through decreased histopathological alterations in the liver. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that the hepatoprotective effects of E. indica might be ascribable to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging property.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Eleusine indica has antioxidant properties.
“The scientific data collected show that Eleusine indica has antidiabetic, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-trypanosomal, antihelmintic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiurolithiasic, antiviral, phytoremediating, hepatoprotective and phytoremediating properties.”
From Review of the literature of Eleusine indica: phytochemical, toxicity, pharmacological and zootechnical studies (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Eleusine indica has hepatoprotective properties.
“The scientific data collected show that Eleusine indica has antidiabetic, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-trypanosomal, antihelmintic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiurolithiasic, antiviral, phytoremediating, hepatoprotective and phytoremediating properties.”
From Review of the literature of Eleusine indica: phytochemical, toxicity, pharmacological and zootechnical studies (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Paragis has antioxidant activity.
“antioxidant activity (Al-Zubairi et al., 2011;Iqbal & Gnanaraj, 2012)”
From Utilization of Unwanted Weed, Paragis Leaves (Eleusine indica Linn.) in Cookie Production (2020) · cites this paper as Iqbal & Gnanaraj, 2012
The pharmaceutical action of E. indica is due to its generous supply of phytochemicals and antioxidants.
“The hepaprotective effect (Iqbal & Gnanaraj, 2012) and pharmaceutical action of E. indica were reported to have been due to the generous supply of phytochemicals and antioxidants.”
From Utilization of Unwanted Weed, Paragis Leaves (Eleusine indica Linn.) in Cookie Production (2020) · cites this paper as Iqbal & Gnanaraj, 2012
Paragis has a hepatoprotective effect.
“The hepaprotective effect (Iqbal & Gnanaraj, 2012)”
From Utilization of Unwanted Weed, Paragis Leaves (Eleusine indica Linn.) in Cookie Production (2020) · cites this paper as Iqbal & Gnanaraj, 2012
Cites
Colowick, S. P., Joshi, M. D., Jagannathan, & KAPLAN, N. O. (1966) · Cited by 26,137 · see citing works
Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J., & Jakoby, W. B. (1974) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42083-8 · Cited by 18,396 · see citing works
[30] Microsomal lipid peroxidation
Buege, J. A., & Aust, S. D. (1978) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(78)52032-6 · Cited by 13,437 · see citing works
Reitman, S., & Frankel, S. (1957) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56 · Cited by 10,015 · see citing works
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics in Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grain Products
Velioğlu, Y. S., Mazza, G., Gao, L., & Oomah, B. D. (1998) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9801973 · Cited by 3,853 · see citing works
Jollow, D. J., Mitchell, J. R., ZAMPAGLIONE, N. G., & Gillette, J. R. (2008) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000136485 · Cited by 3,291 · see citing works
Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research
Greenwald, R. A. (1987) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(87)80012-6 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver.
Carlberg, I., & Mannervik, B. (1975) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41206-4 · Cited by 2,024 · see citing works
Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription
Sen, C. K., & Packer, L. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.7.8635688 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity of some algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds
Djeridane, A., Yousfi, M., Nadjemi, B., Boutassouna, D., Stocker, P., & Vidal, N. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.028 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
CRC handbook of methods for oxygen radical research
Bogomolets, B. B. (1985) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/0531-5565(85)90021-x · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Hatano, T., KAGAWA, H., Yasuhara, T., & Okuda, T. (1988) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.36.2090 · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity
Recknagel, R. O., Glende, E. A., Dolak, J. A., & Waller, R. L. (1989) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(89)90050-8 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
The Protein Protocols Handbook
Walker, J. M. (2009) · Springer protocols handbooks/Springer protocols · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-198-7 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Role of oxygen free radicals in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia
Floyd, R. A. (1990) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.4.9.2189775 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Benson, A. M., Hunkeler, M. J., & Talalay, P. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.9.5216 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Differential distribution of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in rabbit kidney
Mohandas, J., Marshall, J. J., Duggin, G. G., HORVATH, J. S., & TILLER, D. J. (1984) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(84)90353-8 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Low activities of glutathione-related enzymes as factors in the genesis of urinary bladder cancer.
Mohandas, J., Marshall, J. J., Duggin, G. G., HORVATH, J. S., & TILLER, D. J. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Depressed hepatic glutathione and increased diene conjugates in alcoholic liver disease
Shaw, S., Rubin, K. P., & Lieber, C. S. (1983) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01299917 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The mechanism of catalase action. I. Steady-state analysis
Chance, B., Greenstein, D. S., & Roughton, F. J. W. (1952) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(52)90194-x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Industrial solvents and liver toxicity: Risk assessment, risk factors and mechanisms
Brautbar, N., & Williams, J. V. (2002) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00175 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Antioxidative and Hepatoprotective Effects of Antrodia camphorata Extract
Hsiao, G., Shen, M., Lin, K., Lan, M.-H., Wu, L.-Y., Chou, D., Lin, C., Su, C., & Sheu, J. (2003) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf021159t · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Protein Determination by UV Absorption
Aitken, A., & Learmonth, M. (1996) · Springer protocols handbooks/Springer protocols · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-259-9_1 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Erythrocyte defense against hydrogen peroxide: preeminent importance of catalase.
Scott, M. D., Lubin, B. H., Zuo, L., & Kuypers, F. A. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Hepatoprotective Effects of Apple Polyphenols on CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Damage in Mice
Yang, J., Li, Y., Wang, F., & Wu, C. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf903070a · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Adzet, T., Camarasa, J., & Laguna, J. C. (1987) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np50052a004 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Ashok, S., Somayaji, S., & Bairy, K. (2001) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Athar, M. S. (1998) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/19.6.1133 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Nakayama, T., Kimura, T., Kodama, M., & Nagata, C. (1983) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/4.6.765 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of Five Mentha Species
Nickavar, B., Alinaghi, A., & Kamalinejad, M. (2008) · Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research · doi:10.22037/ijpr.2010.766 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Antioxidant Activity of Some Plant Extracts Towards Xanthine Oxidase, Lipoxygenase and Tyrosinase
Chen, C.-H., Chan, H.-C., Chu, Y.-T., Ho, H.-Y., Chen, P., Lee, T., & Lee, C. (2009) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules14082947 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Pithayanukul, P., Nithitanakool, S., & Bavovada, R. (2009) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules14124987 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity of the phenol rich fractions of leaves of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
Kaur, R., Arora, S., & Singh, B. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.070 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
De Melo, G. O., Muzitano, M. F., Legora-Machado, A., Almeida, T. A., De Oliveira, D. B., Kaiser, C. R., Koatz, V. L., & Costa, S. S. (2005) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-2005-864104 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Iqbal, M., Rezazadeh, H., Ansar, S., & Athar, M. (1998) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/096032719801700307 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationIqbal, M., Giri, U., Giri, D. K., Alam, M. S., & Athar, M. S. (1999) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1999.1135 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationAntioxidant Activity of Crude Extract and Pure Compounds of Acer ginnala Max
Han, S. S. (2004) · Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society · doi:10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.3.389 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Studies on the activity of bepridil as a scavenger of free radicals
Constantin, M., Bromont, C., Fickat, R., & Massingham, R. (1990) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(90)90463-u · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Leaf Extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm
Krishna, K. L., Mruthunjay, K., & Patel, J. A. (2009) · International Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.3923/ijbc.2009.99.110 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sterol Glucosides from<i>Eleucine indica</i>
Phuong, N., Sung, T., Ripperger, H., & Adam, G. (1994) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-2006-959556 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sagnia, B., Fedeli, D., Casetti, R., Montesano, C., Falcioni, G., & Colizzi, V. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103999 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Ogbole, O. O., Akinleye, T. E., Segun, P. A., Faleye, T. O. C., & Adeniji, J. A. (2018) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-018-1022-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Sökmen, B. B., Tunalı, S., & Yanardağ, R. (2012) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.056 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Han, M., Kasim, S., Yang, Z., Deng, X., Saidi, N. B., Uddin, M. K., & Shuib, E. M. (2024) · Phyton · doi:10.32604/phyton.2024.054009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of twenty-four Nigerian medicinal plant extracts
Ogbole, O. O., Segun, P. A., & Fasinu, P. S. (2018) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2018.05.028 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Syafiuddin, A., Salmiati, S., Hadibarata, T., Kueh, A. B. H., & Salim, M. R. (2017) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano8010009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Faustino, M. V., Faustino, M. A. F., & Pinto, D. C. G. A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20051067 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Evaluation of biological potential of selected species of family Poaceae from Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Fatima, I., Kanwal, S., & Mahmood, T. (2018) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2092-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shawon, S. I., Reyda, R. N., & Qais, N. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25340 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Shi, X., Ma, H., Tong, C., Qu, M., Jin, Q., & Li, W. (2015) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.056 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chassagne, F., Deharo, E., Punley, H., & Bourdy, G. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ong, S. L., Mah, S. H., & Lai, H. Y. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1155/2016/8764274 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gnanaraj, C., Shah, M. D., Song, T. T., & Iqbal, M. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHepatoprotective Plants from Bangladesh: A Biophytochemical Review and Future Prospect
Rouf, R., Ghosh, P., Uzzaman, M. R., Sarker, D. K., Zahura, F. T., Uddin, S. J., & Muhammad, I. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/1633231 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lai, H., Ong, S., & Nalamolu, K. R. (2017) · Pharmacognosy Magazine · doi:10.4103/0973-1296.203986 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Barros-Gomes, J. A. C., do Nascimento, D. L. A., Silveira, A. C. R., Silva, R. K., Gomes, D. L., de Melo, K. R. T., Almeida‐Lima, J., Câmara, R. B. G., da Silva, N. B., & Rocha, H. A. O. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/9354296 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adoho, A. C. C., Zinsou, F. T., Olounlade, P. A., Azando, E. V. B., Hounzangbe-Adote, M. S., & Gbangboche, A. B. (2021) · Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry · doi:10.22271/phyto.2021.v10.i3a.14060 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“indica has significant hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats ([9]).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlinsug, M. V., ESTANDARTE, M. H. G., SOMODIO, E. M. N., SABARITA, M. J. J., & Deocaris, C. C. (2022) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d230160 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sukor, N. S. M., Zakri, Z. H. M., Rasol, N. E., & Salim, F. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28073111 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chemical Constituents and Antiproliferative Activity of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Sukor, S., Zahari, Z., Rahim, N. S. A., Yusoff, J., & Salim, F. (2022) · Sains Malaysiana · doi:10.17576/jsm-2022-5103-21 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gnanaraj, C., Shah, M. D., Makki, J. S., & Iqbal, M. (2016) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1104697 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationEleusine Indica for Food and Medicine
Zakri, Z. H. M., Suleiman, M., Ng, S. Y., Ngaini, Z., Maili, S., & Salim, F. (2021) · Journal of Agrobiotechnology · doi:10.37231/jab.2021.12.2.260 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mwakabona, H. T. (2014) · American Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20140204.12 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kashyap, P., Shikha, D., Gautam, S., & Rani, U. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119793007.ch4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lim, T. K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4_17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lalunio-Manikan, M., Bonto, A. P., & Ebreo, C. M. H. (2021) · Trends in Sciences · doi:10.48048/tis.2021.681 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sahu, T. K., Sahoo, N., Pattnaik, G., Samal, H. B., & Behera, A. (2024) · International Journal of experimental research and review · doi:10.52756/ijerr.2024.v40spl.021 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dash, S., Sidhan, R., Mishra, S. K., & Prajapti, S. K. (2025) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-025-02031-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. on brine shrimp
Senjobi, C. T., Olusesan, P. P., Lawal, O. I., Bamigboye, S. O., Jimoh, M. O., & Ettu, A. O. (2024) · Scientia Africana · doi:10.4314/sa.v22i3.16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Utilization of Unwanted Weed, Paragis Leaves (Eleusine indica Linn.) in Cookie Production
Department of Food Science and Technology, V. S. U., Makinano, D., & Cimafranca, L. (2020) · Central Mindanao University Journal of Science · doi:10.52751/capq1189 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alwahsh, M., Shawaqfeh, B., Alejel, R., Hasan, A., Yousef, D., Saqallah, F. G., Al-Kouz, S., Alassi, A., Swaiss, Y., Al-Hiari, Y. M., et al. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16040567 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Activité antioxydante de 53 plantes réputées antimalariques en République Démocratique du Congo
Valentin, B. C., Bakari, A. S., Kahumba, B., & Lumbu, J. B. S. (2021) · Phytothérapie · doi:10.3166/phyto-2021-0274 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Han, M., Kasim, S., Yang, Z., Deng, X., Abdullah, H. S., Shuib, E. M., & Uddin, M. K. (2024) · Pertanika journal of tropical agricultural science · doi:10.47836/pjtas.47.3.09 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Overview on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical and Pharmacology of Eleusine indica
Sahu, T. K., Kar, B., Sahoo, N., Behera, A., & Pattnaik, G. (2021) · Asian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.14233/ajchem.2021.23117
Adetunji, C. O., Shariati, M. A., Hefft, D. I., Michael, O. S., Olaniyan, O. T., Ребезов, М. Б., Ajayi, O. O., Baibalinova, G., Bodunrinde, R. E., Adetunji, J. B., et al. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119836544.ch9
Han, M., Kasim, S., Uddin, M. K., Abdullah, H. S., Reza, S. A., & Shuib, E. M. (2024) · Pertanika journal of tropical agricultural science · doi:10.47836/pjtas.47.3.25
Adetunji, C. O., Shariati, M. A., Hefft, D. I., Michael, O. S., Olaniyan, O. T., Ребезов, М. Б., Ajayi, O. O., Baibalinova, G., Bodunrinde, R. E., Adetunji, J. B., et al. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394234769.ch37
Liên, H. T. P., Tuyết, N. T. B. T. N. T. B., Mẫn, Đ. G. M. Đ. G., Trang, V. Á. M. T. V. Á. M., & Phúc, N. H. P. N. H. (2024) · TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC TẾ HỒNG BÀNG · doi:10.59294/hiujs.32.2024.698
Exploring the Potential of Wild Weeds and Grasses as Nutraceuticals: A Comprehensive Review
Singh, V., Tiwari, V., Dash, P. P., Patni, T., Mishra, T., Mishra, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2026) · Physiological Mini Reviews · doi:10.2174/0116695410384263250912050301
Bhattacharya, S., Hazra, S., & Maiti, R. (2026) · Pharmacological Research - Natural Products · doi:10.1016/j.prenap.2026.100904
- Authors
- Iqbal, M., & Gnanaraj, C.
- Affiliations
- Universiti of Malaysia Sabah (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Iqbal, Mohammad
- Venue
- Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
- Published
- 2011-12-30
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 307-315
- ISSN
- 1342-078X (ISSN-L)
- 1347-4715
- PMC
- PMC3390565
- OpenAlex
- W1977314068
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal plant effects and applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- Eleusine indica, carbon tetrachloride, hepatotoxicity, hepatoprotection, antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, oxidative liver damage, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, total phenolic content, aqueous plant extract
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning, Disease Models, Animal, Male, Plant Extracts, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Oxidative Stress, Eleusine, Rats, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
