CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 358Airway Management and Intubation TechniquesTracheal and airway disordersAnesthesia and Sedative Agents

The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 1 – Difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient

Open access
for the Canadian Airway Focus Group, Law, J. Adam, Broemling, Natasha, Cooper, Richard M., Drolet, Pierre, Duggan, Laura V., Griesdale, Donald E., Hung, Orlando R. +12 more·2013·Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie
DOI 10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3PMC PMC3825644
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previously active in the mid-1990s, the Canadian Airway Focus Group (CAFG) studied the unanticipated difficult airway and made recommendations on management in a 1998 publication. The CAFG has since reconvened to examine more recent scientific literature on airway management. The Focus Group's mandate for this article was to arrive at updated practice recommendations for management of the unconscious/induced patient in whom difficult or failed tracheal intubation is encountered. METHODS: Nineteen clinicians with backgrounds in anesthesia, emergency medicine, and intensive care joined this iteration of the CAFG. Each member was assigned topics and conducted reviews of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results were presented and discussed during multiple teleconferences and two face-to-face meetings. When appropriate, evidence- or consensus-based recommendations were made together with assigned levels of evidence modelled after previously published criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The clinician must be aware of the potential for harm to the patient that can occur with multiple attempts at tracheal intubation. This likelihood can be minimized by moving early from an unsuccessful primary intubation technique to an alternative "Plan B" technique if oxygenation by face mask or ventilation using a supraglottic device is non-problematic. Irrespective of the technique(s) used, failure to achieve successful tracheal intubation in a maximum of three attempts defines failed tracheal intubation and signals the need to engage an exit strategy. Failure to oxygenate by face mask or supraglottic device ventilation occurring in conjunction with failed tracheal intubation defines a failed oxygenation, "cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate" situation. Cricothyrotomy must then be undertaken without delay, although if not already tried, an expedited and concurrent attempt can be made to place a supraglottic device.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • A failed oxygenation situation is dynamic and characterized by a rapidly falling oxygen saturation despite maximal efforts to reoxygenate the patient.

    “No specific oxygen saturation level should be used as a trigger to perform FONA, recognizing that a failed oxygenation situation is dynamic and characterized by a rapidly falling oxygen saturation despite maximal efforts to reoxygenate the patient.111”

    From Airway Management in Trauma (2018) · cites this paper as [111]

  • The decision to proceed with a front of neck airway is often delayed until critical hypoxemia has occurred.

    “Cognitive and team-based preparation is vital, as the decision to proceed with a FONA is often delayed until critical hypoxemia has occurred.111”

    From Airway Management in Trauma (2018) · cites this paper as [111]

  • Front of neck airway is rare, occurring in 0.05%-1.7% of ED-based intubations.

    “Although rare (0.05%-1.7% of ED-based intubations)”

    From Airway Management in Trauma (2018) · cites this paper as [111]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 257

  1. [1]Sakles JC Chiu S Mosier J Walker C Stolz U The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department Acad Emerg Med 2013 20 71 78 23574475 PMC4530518
  2. [2]Hasegawa K Shigemitsu K Hagiwara Y Association between repeated intubation attempts and adverse events in emergency departments: an analysis of a multicenter prospective observational study Ann Emerg Med 2012 60 749 754 22542734
  3. [3]Martin LD Mhyre JM Shanks AM Tremper KK Kheterpal S 3,423 emergency tracheal intubations at a university hospital: airway outcomes and complications Anesthesiology 2011 114 42 48 21150574
  4. [4]Griesdale DE Bosma TL Kurth T Isac G Chittock DR Complications of endotracheal intubation in the critically ill Intensive Care Med 2008 34 1835 1842 18604519
  5. [5]Mort TC Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts Anesth Analg 2004 99 607 613 15271750
  6. [6]Peterson GN Domino KB Caplan RA Posner KL Lee LA Cheney FW Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis Anesthesiology 2005 103 33 39 15983454
  7. [7]Cook TM Scott S Mihai R Litigation related to airway and respiratory complications of anaesthesia: an analysis of claims against the NHS in England 1995-2007 Anaesthesia 2010 65 556 563 20345420
  8. [9]Cook TM Woodall N Frerk C Fourth National Audit Project Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia Br J Anaesth 2011 106 617 631 21447488
  9. [10]Cook TM Woodall N Harper J Benger J Fourth National Audit Project Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments Br J Anaesth 2011 106 632 642 21447489
  10. [11]Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, et al.; for the Canadian Airway Focus Group. The difficult airway with recommendations for management – Part 2 – The anticipated difficult airway. Can J Anesth 2013; 60: this issue. DOI:10.1007/s12630-013-0020-x. PMC3825645 24132408 · DOI
  11. [12]Crosby ET Cooper RM Douglas MJ The unanticipated difficult airway with recommendations for management Can J Anaesth 1998 45 757 776 9793666
  12. [13]Guyatt G Gutterman D Baumann MH Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians Task Force Chest 2006 129 174 181 16424429
  13. [15]Kheterpal S Martin L Shanks AM Tremper KK Prediction and outcomes of impossible mask ventilation: a review of 50,000 anesthetics Anesthesiology 2009 110 891 897 19293691
  14. [16]Langeron O Masso E Huraux C Prediction of difficult mask ventilation Anesthesiology 2000 92 1229 1236 10781266
  15. [17]Apfelbaum JL Hagberg CA Caplan RA Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway Anesthesiology 2013 118 251 270 23364566
  16. [18]Kheterpal S Han R Tremper KK Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation Anesthesiology 2006 105 885 891 17065880
  17. [19]Cormack RS Lehane J Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics Anaesthesia 1984 39 1105 1111 6507827
  18. [20]Cook TM A new practical classification of laryngeal view Anaesthesia 2000 55 274 279 10671848
  19. [21]Yentis SM Lee DJ Evaluation of an improved scoring system for the grading of direct laryngoscopy Anaesthesia 1998 53 1041 1044 10023271
  20. [22]Adnet F Racine SX Borron SW A survey of tracheal intubation difficulty in the operating room: a prospective observational study Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001 45 327 332 11207469
  21. [23]Hung O Law JA Advances in airway management Can J Anesth 2006 53 628 631 16738300
  22. [24]Walls RM Walls RM Murphy MF Luten RC Schneider RE The emergency airway algorithms Manual of Emergency Airway Management 2004 Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 8 21
  23. [25]Amathieu R Combes X Abdi W An algorithm for difficult airway management, modified for modern optical devices (Airtraq laryngoscope; LMA CTrach™): a 2-year prospective validation in patients for elective abdominal, gynecologic, and thyroid surgery Anesthesiology 2011 114 25 33 21150572
  24. [26]Asai T Koga K Vaughan RS Respiratory complications associated with tracheal intubation and extubation Br J Anaesth 1998 80 767 775 9771306
  25. [27]Yildiz TS Solak M Toker K The incidence and risk factors of difficult mask ventilation J Anesth 2005 19 7 11 15674508
  26. [28]Cattano D Panicucci E Paolicchi A Risk factors assessment of the difficult airway: an Italian survey of 1956 patients Anesth Analg 2004 99 1774 1779 15562070
  27. [29]el-Ganzouri AR McCarthy RJ Tuman KJ Tanck EN Ivankovich AD Preoperative airway assessment: predictive value of a multivariate risk index Anesth Analg 1996 82 1197 1204 8638791
  28. [30]Rocke DA Murray WB Rout CC Gouws E Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia Anesthesiology 1992 77 67 73 1610011
  29. [31]McDonnell NJ Paech MJ Clavisi OM Scott KL ANZCA Trials Group Difficult and failed intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: an observational study of airway management and complications associated with general anaesthesia for caesarean section Int J Obstet Anesth 2008 17 292 297 18617389
  30. [32]Tao W Edwards JT Tu F Xie Y Sharma SK Incidence of unanticipated difficult airway in obstetric patients in a teaching institution J Anesth 2012 26 339 345 22290734
  31. [33]Graham CA Oglesby AJ Beard D McKeown DW Laryngoscopic views during rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department CJEM 2004 6 416 420 17378960
  32. [34]Schwartz DE Matthay MA Cohen NH Death and other complications of emergency airway management in critically ill adults. A prospective investigation of 297 tracheal intubations Anesthesiology 1995 82 367 376 7856895
  33. [35]Benedetto WJ Hess DR Gettings E Urgent tracheal intubation in general hospital units: an observational study J Clin Anesth 2007 19 20 24 17321922
  34. [36]Sakles JC Laurin EG Rantapaa AA Panacek EA Airway management in the emergency department: a one-year study of 610 tracheal intubations Ann Emerg Med 1998 31 325 332 9506489
  35. [37]Tayal VS Riggs RW Marx JA Tomaszewski CA Schneider RE Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period Acad Emerg Med 1999 6 31 37 9928974
  36. [38]Combes X Le Roux B Suen P Unanticipated difficult airway in anesthetized patients: prospective validation of a management algorithm Anesthesiology 2004 100 1146 1150 15114211
  37. [39]Rose DK Cohen MM The airway: problems and predictions in 18,500 patients Can J Anaesth 1994 41 5 Pt 1 372 383 8055603
  38. [40]Rose DK Cohen MM The incidence of airway problems depends on the definition used Can J Anaesth 1996 43 30 34 8665631
  39. [41]Ramachandran SK Mathis MR Tremper KK Shanks AM Kheterpal S Predictors and clinical outcomes from failed Laryngeal Mask Airway Unique™: a study of 15,795 patients Anesthesiology 2012 116 1217 1226 22510864
  40. [42]Baskett PJ Parr MJ Nolan JP The intubating laryngeal mask. Results of a multicentre trial with experience of 500 cases Anaesthesia 1998 53 1174 1179 10193220
  41. [43]Ferson DZ Rosenblatt WH Johansen MJ Osborn I Ovassapian A Use of the intubating LMA-Fastrach in 254 patients with difficult-to-manage airways Anesthesiology 2001 95 1175 1181 11684987
  42. [44]Han TH Brimacombe J Lee EJ Yang HS The laryngeal mask airway is effective (and probably safe) in selected healthy parturients for elective cesarean section: a prospective study of 1067 cases Can J Anesth 2001 48 1117 1121 11744589
  43. [45]Yao WY Li SY Sng BL Lim Y Sia AT The LMA Supreme in 700 parturients undergoing cesarean delivery: an observational study Can J Anesth 2012 59 648 654 22556005
  44. [46]Halaseh BK Sukkar ZF Hassan LH Sia AT Bushnag WA Adarbeh H The use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in caesarean section—experience in 3000 cases Anaesth Intensive Care 2010 38 1023 1028 21226432
  45. [47]Walls RM Brown CA 3rd Bair AE Pallin DJ NEAR II Investigators Emergency airway management: a multi-center report of 8937 emergency department intubations J Emerg Med 2011 41 347 354 20434289
  46. [49]Dillon JK Christensen B Fairbanks T Jurkovich G Moe KS The emergent surgical airway: cricothyrotomy vs. tracheotomy Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013 42 204 208 23265756
  47. [50]Nagaro T Yorozuya T Sotani M Survey of patients whose lungs could not be ventilated and whose trachea could not be intubated in university hospitals in Japan J Anesth 2003 17 232 240 14625710
  48. [51]Benumof JL Difficult laryngoscopy: obtaining the best view Can J Anaesth 1994 41 5 Pt 1 361 365 8055601
  49. [52]Levitan RM Mechem CC Ochroch EA Shofer FS Hollander JE Head-elevated laryngoscopy position: improving laryngeal exposure during laryngoscopy by increasing head elevation Ann Emerg Med 2003 41 322 330 12605198
  50. [53]Schmitt HJ Mang H Head and neck elevation beyond the sniffing position improves laryngeal view in cases of difficult direct laryngoscopy J Clin Anesth 2002 14 335 338 12208436
  51. [54]Hochman II Zeitels SM Heaton JT Analysis of the forces and position required for direct laryngoscopic exposure of the anterior vocal folds Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999 108 715 724 10453776
  52. [55]Benumof JL Cooper SD Quantitative improvement in laryngoscopic view by optimal external laryngeal manipulation J Clin Anesth 1996 8 136 140 8695096
  53. [56]Byhahn C Iber T Zacharowski K Tracheal intubation using the mobile C-MAC video laryngoscope or direct laryngoscopy for patients with a simulated difficult airway Minerva Anestesiol 2010 76 577 583 20661197
  54. [57]Latto IP Stacey M Mecklenburgh J Vaughan RS Survey of the use of the gum elastic bougie in clinical practice Anaesthesia 2002 57 379 384 11939998
  55. [58]Levitan RM Mickler T Hollander JE Bimanual laryngoscopy: a videographic study of external laryngeal manipulation by novice intubators Ann Emerg Med 2002 40 30 37 12085070
  56. [59]Ochroch EA Levitan RM A videographic analysis of laryngeal exposure comparing the articulating laryngoscope and external laryngeal manipulation Anesth Analg 2001 92 267 270 11133642
  57. [60]Schmitt H Buchfelder M Radespiel-Troger M Fahlbusch R Difficult intubation in acromegalic patients: incidence and predictability Anesthesiology 2000 93 110 114 10861153
  58. [61]Takahata O Kubota M Mamiya K The efficacy of the “BURP” maneuver during a difficult laryngoscopy Anesth Analg 1997 84 419 421 9024040
  59. [62]Wilson ME Spiegelhalter D Robertson JA Lesser P Predicting difficult intubation Br J Anaesth 1988 61 211 216 3415893
  60. [63]Yamamoto K Tsubokawa T Ohmura S Itoh H Kobayashi T Left-molar approach improves the laryngeal view in patients with difficult laryngoscopy Anesthesiology 2000 92 70 74 10638901
  61. [64]Noguchi T Koga K Shiga Y Shigematsu A The gum elastic bougie eases tracheal intubation while applying cricoid pressure compared to a stylet Can J Anesth 2003 50 712 717 12944447
  62. [65]Turgeon AF Nicole PC Trepanier CA Marcoux S Lessard MR Cricoid pressure does not increase the rate of failed intubation by direct laryngoscopy in adults Anesthesiology 2005 102 315 319 15681945
  63. [66]Harris T Ellis DY Foster L Lockey D Cricoid pressure and laryngeal manipulation in 402 pre-hospital emergency anaesthetics: essential safety measure or a hindrance to rapid safe intubation? Resuscitation 2010 81 810 816 20398995
  64. [67]Haslam N Parker L Duggan JE Effect of cricoid pressure on the view at laryngoscopy Anaesthesia 2005 60 41 47 15601271
  65. [68]Snider DD Clarke D Finucane BT The “BURP” maneuver worsens the glottic view when applied in combination with cricoid pressure Can J Anesth 2005 52 100 104 15625265
  66. [69]Levitan RM Kinkle WC Levin WJ Everett WW Laryngeal view during laryngoscopy: a randomized trial comparing cricoid pressure, backward-upward-rightward pressure, and bimanual laryngoscopy Ann Emerg Med 2006 47 548 555 16713784
  67. [70]Combes X Jabre P Margenet A Unanticipated difficult airway management in the prehospital emergency setting: prospective validation of an algorithm Anesthesiology 2011 114 105 110 21169803
  68. [71]Gataure PS Vaughan RS Latto IP Simulated difficult intubation. Comparison of the gum elastic bougie and the stylet Anaesthesia 1996 51 935 938 8984868
  69. [72]Jabre P Combes X Leroux B Use of gum elastic bougie for prehospital difficult intubation Am J Emerg Med 2005 23 552 555 16032630
  70. [73]Nolan JP Wilson ME Orotracheal intubation in patients with potential cervical spine injuries. An indication for the gum elastic bougie Anaesthesia 1993 48 630 633 8155112
  71. [74]Greenland KB Liu G Tan H Edwards M Irwin MG Comparison of the Levitan FPS Scope™ and the single-use bougie for simulated difficult intubation in anaesthetised patients Anaesthesia 2007 62 509 515 17448065
  72. [75]Hartsilver EL Vanner RG Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure Anaesthesia 2000 55 208 211 10671836
  73. [76]Calder I Impossible mask ventilation Anesthesiology 2007 107 171 17585237
  74. [77]Calder I Yentis S Patel A Muscle relaxants and airway management Anesthesiology 2009 111 216 217 19546709
  75. [78]Aziz MF Healy D Kheterpal S Fu RF Dillman D Brambrink AM Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions Anesthesiology 2011 114 34 41 21150569
  76. [79]Ye L Wong DT Liu J Zhu T Mallampati class does not affect the success rate of intubation through an intubating laryngeal mask airway with reverse tracheal tube direction Minerva Anestesiol 2013 79 227 231 23174918
  77. [80]Tentillier E Heydenreich C Cros AM Schmitt V Dindart JM Thicoipe M Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway in emergency pre-hospital difficult intubation Resuscitation 2008 77 30 34 18022753
  78. [81]Dimitriou V Voyagis GS Grosomanidis V Brimacombe J Feasibility of flexible lightwand-guided tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation by an emergency physician Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006 23 76 79 16390571
  79. [82]Timmermann A Russo SG Rosenblatt WH Intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult out-of-hospital airway management: a prospective evaluation Br J Anaesth 2007 99 286 291 17584849
  80. [83]Connelly NR Ghandour K Robbins L Dunn S Gibson C Management of unexpected difficult airway at a teaching institution over a 7-year period J Clin Anesth 2006 18 198 204 16731322
  81. [84]Thienthong S Horatanarung D Wongswadiwat M Boonmak P Chinachoti T Simajareuk S An experience with intubating laryngeal mask airway for difficult airway management: report on 38 cases J Med Assoc Thai 2004 87 1234 1238 15560703
  82. [85]Cros AM Maigrot F Esteben D Fastrach laryngeal mask and difficult intubation (French) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1999 18 1041 1046 10652936
  83. [86]Joo HS Kapoor S Rose DK Naik VN The intubating laryngeal mask airway after induction of general anesthesia versus awake fiberoptic intubation in patients with difficult airways Anesth Analg 2001 92 1342 1346 11323374
  84. [87]Langeron O Semjen F Bourgain JL Marsac A Cros AM Comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway with the fiberoptic intubation in anticipated difficult airway management Anesthesiology 2001 94 968 972 11465622
  85. [88]Bein B Worthmann F Scholz J A comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the Bonfils intubation fibrescope in patients with predicted difficult airways Anaesthesia 2004 59 668 674 15200542
  86. [89]Nakazawa K Tanaka N Ishikawa S Using the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach™) for blind endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine operation Anesth Analg 1999 89 1319 1321 10553860
  87. [90]Fukutome T Amaha K Nakazawa K Kawamura T Noguchi H Tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach) in patients with difficult airways Anaesth Intensive Care 1998 26 387 391 9743853
  88. [91]Brain AI Verghese C Addy EV Kapila A Brimacombe J The intubating laryngeal mask. II: a preliminary clinical report of a new means of intubating the trachea Br J Anaesth 1997 79 704 709 9496199
  89. [92]Erlacher W Tiefenbrunner H Kastenbauer T Schwarz S Fitzgerald RD CobraPLUS and Cookgas air-Q versus Fastrach for blind endotracheal intubation: a randomised controlled trial Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011 28 181 186 21192270
  90. [93]Hamard F Ferrandiere M Sauvagnac X Propofol sedation allows awake intubation of the difficult airway with the Fastrach™ LMA (French) Can J Anesth 2005 52 421 427 15814760
  91. [94]Staikou C Tsaroucha A Paraskeva A Fassoulaki A Association between factors predicting and assessing the airway and use of intubating laryngeal mask airway Middle East J Anesthesiol 2010 20 553 558 20394253
  92. [95]Ydemann M Rovsing L Lindekaer AL Olsen KS Intubation of the morbidly obese patient: GlideScope® vs. Fastrach™ Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012 56 755 761 22524487
  93. [96]Combes X Sauvat S Leroux B Intubating laryngeal mask airway in morbidly obese and lean patients: a comparative study Anesthesiology 2005 102 1106 1109 15915021
  94. [97]Asai T Eguchi Y Murao K Niitsu T Shingu K Intubating laryngeal mask for fibreoptic intubation—particularly useful during neck stabilization Can J Anesth 2000 47 843 848 10989852
  95. [98]Asai T Shingu K Tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask in patients with unstable necks Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001 45 818 822 11472280
  96. [99]Jagannathan N Roth AG Sohn LE Pak TY Amin S Suresh S The new air-Q intubating laryngeal airway for tracheal intubation in children with anticipated difficult airway: a case series Paediatr Anaesth 2009 19 618 622 19655442
  97. [100]Jagannathan N Kho MF Kozlowski RJ Sohn LE Siddique A Wong DT Retrospective audit of the air-Q intubating laryngeal airway as a conduit for tracheal intubation in pediatric patients with a difficult airway Paediatr Anaesth 2011 21 422 427 21175955
  98. [101]Theiler L Kleine-Brueggeney M Urwyler N Graf T Luyet C Greif R Randomized clinical trial of the i-gel™ and Magill tracheal tube or single-use ILMA™ and ILMA™ tracheal tube for blind intubation in anaesthetized patients with a predicted difficult airway Br J Anaesth 2011 107 243 250 21652615
  99. [102]Berkow LC Schwartz JM Kan K Corridore M Heitmiller ES Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway-Aintree Intubating Catheter-fiberoptic bronchoscope technique for difficult intubation J Clin Anesth 2011 23 534 539 21996015
  100. [103]van Zundert TC Wong DT van Zundert AA The LMA-Supreme™ as an intubation conduit in patients with known difficult airways: a prospective evaluation study Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013 57 77 81 23167262
  101. [104]Cook TM Seller C Gupta K Thornton M O’Sullivan E Non-conventional uses of the Aintree Intubating Catheter in management of the difficult airway Anaesthesia 2007 62 169 174 17223810
  102. [105]Higgs A Clark E Premraj K Low-skill fibreoptic intubation: use of the Aintree Catheter with the classic LMA Anaesthesia 2005 60 915 920 16115253
  103. [106]Hung OR Pytka S Morris I Murphy M Stewart RD Lightwand intubation: II—Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways Can J Anaesth 1995 42 826 830 7497568
  104. [107]Rhee KY Lee JR Kim J Park S Kwon WK Han S A comparison of lighted stylet (Surch-Lite™) and direct laryngoscopic intubation in patients with high Mallampati scores Anesth Analg 2009 108 1215 1219 19299790
  105. [108]Harvey K Davies R Evans A Latto IP Hall JE A comparison of the use of Trachlight and Eschmann multiple-use introducer in simulated difficult intubation Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007 24 76 81 16938152
  106. [109]Turkstra TP Craen RA Pelz DM Gelb AW Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope Anesth Analg 2005 101 910 915 16116013
  107. [110]Cooper RM Pacey JA Bishop MJ McCluskey SA Early clinical experience with a new videolaryngoscope (GlideScope®) in 728 patients Can J Anesth 2005 52 191 198 15684262
  108. [111]Hsiao WT Lin YH Wu HS Chen CL Does a new videolaryngoscope (glidescope) provide better glottic exposure? Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2005 43 147 151 16235463
  109. [112]Sun DA Warriner CB Parsons DG Klein R Umedaly HS Moult M The GlideScope® Video Laryngoscope: randomized clinical trial in 200 patients Br J Anaesth 2005 94 381 384 15567809
  110. [113]Siu LW Mathieson E Naik VN Chandra D Joo HS Patient- and operator-related factors associated with successful Glidescope intubations: a prospective observational study in 742 patients Anaesth Intensive Care 2010 38 70 75 20191780
  111. [114]Griesdale DE Liu D McKinney J Choi PT Glidescope® video-laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis Can J Anesth 2012 59 41 52 22042705 PMC3246588
  112. [115]Serocki G Bein B Scholz J Dorges V Management of the predicted difficult airway: a comparison of conventional blade laryngoscopy with video-assisted blade laryngoscopy and the GlideScope Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010 27 24 30 19809328
  113. [116]Stroumpoulis K Pagoulatou A Violari M Videolaryngoscopy in the management of the difficult airway: a comparison with the Macintosh blade Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009 26 218 222 19237983
  114. [117]Malik MA Subramaniam R Maharaj CH Harte BH Laffey JG Randomized controlled trial of the Pentax AWS, Glidescope, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in predicted difficult intubation Br J Anaesth 2009 103 761 768 19783539
  115. [118]Xue FS Zhang GH Liu J The clinical assessment of Glidescope in orotracheal intubation under general anesthesia Minerva Anestesiol 2007 73 451 457 17660737
  116. [119]Mosier JM Stolz U Chiu S Sakles JC Difficult airway management in the emergency department: GlideScope video laryngoscopy compared to direct laryngoscopy J Emerg Med 2012 42 629 634 21911279
  117. [120]Malik MA Maharaj CH Harte BH Laffey JG Comparison of Macintosh, Truview EVO2, Glidescope, and Airwayscope laryngoscope use in patients with cervical spine immobilization Br J Anaesth 2008 101 723 730 18784069
  118. [121]Phua DS Mah CL Wang CF The Shikani optical stylet as an alternative to the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope in simulated difficult intubations—a randomised controlled trial Anaesthesia 2012 67 402 406 22324890
  119. [122]Agro F Barzoi G Montecchia F Tracheal intubation using a Macintosh laryngoscope or a GlideScope in 15 patients with cervical spine immobilization Br J Anaesth 2003 90 705 706 12697606
  120. [123]Liu EH Goy RW Tan BH Asai T Tracheal intubation with videolaryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization: a randomized trial of the Airway Scope® and the GlideScope® Br J Anaesth 2009 103 446 451 19542102
  121. [124]Bathory I Frascarolo P Kern C Schoettker P Evaluation of the GlideScope® for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semi-rigid collar Anaesthesia 2009 64 1337 1341 20092511
  122. [125]Lim Y Yeo SW A comparison of the GlideScope with the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated difficult airway Anaesth Intensive Care 2005 33 243 247 15960409
  123. [126]Lai HY Chen IH Chen A Hwang FY Lee Y The use of the GlideScope® for tracheal intubation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis Br J Anaesth 2006 97 419 422 16829671
  124. [127]Huang SJ Lee CL Wang PK Lin PC Lai HY The use of the GlideScope® for tracheal intubation in patients with halo vest Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2011 49 88 90 21982168
  125. [128]Maassen R Lee R Hermans B Marcus M van Zundert A A comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: the Macintosh laryngoscope blade reduces, but does not replace, routine stylet use for intubation in morbidly obese patients Anesth Analg 2009 109 1560 1565 19713258
  126. [129]Andersen LH Rovsing L Olsen KS GlideScope videolaryngoscope vs. Macintosh direct laryngoscope for intubation of morbidly obese patients: a randomized trial Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011 55 1090 1097 22092206
  127. [130]Putz L Dangelser G Constant B Prospective trial comparing Airtraq™ and Glidescope™ techniques for intubation of obese patients (French) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2012 31 421 426 22465650
  128. [131]Marrel J Blanc C Frascarolo P Magnusson L Videolaryngoscopy improves intubation condition in morbidly obese patients Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007 24 1045 1049 17608975
  129. [132]Abdelmalak BB Bernstein E Egan C GlideScope® vs flexible fibreoptic scope for elective intubation in obese patients Anaesthesia 2011 66 550 555 21564041
  130. [133]Moore AR Schricker T Court O Awake videolaryngoscopy-assisted tracheal intubation of the morbidly obese Anaesthesia 2012 67 232 235 22321077
  131. [134]Lange M Frommer M Redel A Comparison of the Glidescope® and Airtraq® optical laryngoscopes in patients undergoing direct microlaryngoscopy Anaesthesia 2009 64 323 328 19302649
  132. [135]Noppens RR Mobus S Heid F Schmidtmann I Werner C Peipho T Evaluation of the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope after failed direct laryngoscopy Anaesthesia 2010 65 716 720 20528841
  133. [136]O’Leary AM Sandison MR Myneni N Preliminary evaluation of a novel videolaryngoscope, the McGrath series 5, in the management of difficult and challenging endotracheal intubation J Clin Anesth 2008 20 320 321 18617139
  134. [137]Ng I Sim XL Williams D Segal R A randomised controlled trial comparing the McGrath® videolaryngoscope with the straight blade laryngoscope when used in adult patients with potential difficult airways Anaesthesia 2011 66 709 714 21564049
  135. [138]Ng I Hill AL Williams DL Lee K Segal R Randomized controlled trial comparing the McGrath videolaryngoscope with the C-MAC videolaryngoscope in intubating adult patients with potential difficult airways Br J Anaesth 2012 109 439 443 22677878
  136. [139]Rosenstock CV Thogersen B Afshari A Christensen AL Eriksen C Gatke MR Awake fiberoptic or awake video laryngoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway management: a randomized clinical trial Anesthesiology 2012 116 1210 1216 22487805
  137. [140]Taylor AM Peck M Launcelott S The McGrath® Series 5 videolaryngoscope vs the Macintosh laryngoscope: a randomised, controlled trial in patients with a simulated difficult airway Anaesthesia 2013 68 142 147 23121470
  138. [141]Piepho T Fortmueller K Heid FM Schmidtmann I Werner C Noppens RR Performance of the C-MAC video laryngoscope in patients after a limited glottic view using Macintosh laryngoscopy Anaesthesia 2011 66 1101 1105 21883131
  139. [142]Aziz MF Dillman D Fu R Brambrink AM Comparative effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscopy in the setting of the predicted difficult airway Anesthesiology 2012 116 629 636 22261795
  140. [143]Cavus E Neumann T Doerges V First clinical evaluation of the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope during routine and difficult intubation Anesth Analg 2011 112 382 385 21156978
  141. [144]Serocki G Neumann T Scharf E Dorges V Cavus E Indirect videolaryngoscopy with C-MAC D-Blade and GlideScope: a randomized, controlled comparison in patients with suspected difficult airways Minerva Anestesiol 2013 79 121 129 23032922
  142. [145]Suzuki A Toyama Y Katsumi N The Pentax-AWS® rigid indirect video laryngoscope: clinical assessment of performance in 320 cases Anaesthesia 2008 63 641 647 18477277
  143. [146]Asai T Liu EH Matsumoto S Use of the Pentax-AWS in 293 patients with difficult airways Anesthesiology 2009 110 898 904 19293707
  144. [147]Hirabayashi Y Seo N Airway Scope: early clinical experience in 405 patients J Anesth 2008 22 81 85 18306022
  145. [148]Asai T Enomoto Y Okuda Y Airway Scope for difficult intubation Anaesthesia 2007 62 199 17223831
  146. [149]Enomoto Y Asai T Arai T Kamishima K Okuda Y Pentax-AWS, a new videolaryngoscope, is more effective than the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with restricted neck movements: a randomized comparative study Br J Anaesth 2008 100 544 548 18238836
  147. [150]Komatsu R Kamata K Hoshi I Sessler DI Ozaki M Airway scope and gum elastic bougie with Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated restricted neck mobility Br J Anaesth 2008 101 863 869 18835885
  148. [151]Malin E de Montblanc J Ynineb Y Marret E Bonnet F Performance of the Airtraq™ laryngoscope after failed conventional tracheal intubation: a case series Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009 53 858 863 19496764
  149. [152]Maharaj CH Costello JF Harte BH Laffey JG Evaluation of the Airtraq® and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients at increased risk for difficult tracheal intubation Anaesthesia 2008 63 182 188 18211450
  150. [153]Maharaj CH Costello JF McDonnell JG Harte BH Laffey JG The Airtraq® as a rescue airway device following failed direct laryngoscopy: a case series Anaesthesia 2007 62 598 601 17506739
  151. [154]Heidegger T Gerig HJ Ulrich B Kreienbuhl G Validation of a simple algorithm for tracheal intubation: daily practice is the key to success in emergencies—an analysis of 13,248 intubations Anesth Analg 2001 92 517 522 11159261
  152. [155]Heidegger T Gerig HJ Ulrich B Schnider TW Structure and process quality illustrated by fibreoptic intubation: analysis of 1612 cases Anaesthesia 2003 58 734 739 12859463
  153. [156]Xue FS Liu HP He N Spray-as-you-go airway topical anesthesia in patients with a difficult airway: a randomized, double-blind comparison of 2% and 4% lidocaine Anesth Analg 2009 108 536 543 19151284
  154. [157]Fuchs G Schwarz G Baumgartner A Kaltenbock F Voit-Augustin H Planinz W Fiberoptic intubation in 327 neurosurgical patients with lesions of the cervical spine J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1999 11 11 16 9890380
  155. [158]Mihai R Blair E Kay H Cook TM A quantitative review and meta-analysis of performance of non-standard laryngoscopes and rigid fibreoptic intubation aids Anaesthesia 2008 63 745 760 18582261
  156. [159]Kim JK Kim JA Kim CS Ahn HJ Yang MK Choi SJ Comparison of tracheal intubation with the Airway Scope or Clarus Video System in patients with cervical collars Anaesthesia 2011 66 694 698 21564045
  157. [160]Bein B Yan M Tonner PH Scholz J Steinfath M Dorges V Tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope after failed direct laryngoscopy Anaesthesia 2004 59 1207 1209 15549980
  158. [161]Rudolph C Henn-Beilharz A Gottschall R Wallenborn J Schaffranietz L The unanticipated difficult intubation: rigid or flexible endoscope? Minerva Anestesiol 2007 73 567 574 17952029
  159. [162]Kim SH Woo SJ Kim JH A comparison of Bonfils intubation fiberscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in difficult airways assisted with direct laryngoscopy Korean J Anesthesiol 2010 58 249 255 20498773 PMC2872830
  160. [163]Corbanese U Possamai C Awake intubation with the Bonfils fibrescope in patients with difficult airway Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009 26 837 841 19474737
  161. [164]Mazeres JE Lefranc A Cropet C Evaluation of the Bonfils intubating fibrescope for predicted difficult intubation in awake patients with ear, nose and throat cancer Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011 28 646 650 21743336
  162. [165]He N Xue FS Xu YC Liao X Xu XZ Awake orotracheal intubation under airway topical anesthesia using the Bonfils in patients with a predicted difficult airway Can J Anesth 2008 55 881 882 19050098
  163. [166]Turkstra TP Pelz DM Shaikh AA Craen RA Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison of Shikani Optical Stylet® vs Macintosh laryngoscope Can J Anesth 2007 54 441 447 17541072
  164. [167]Jabre P Avenel A Combes X Morbidity related to emergency endotracheal intubation—a substudy of the KETAmine SEDation trial Resuscitation 2011 82 517 522 21345571
  165. [168]Adnet F Borron SW Racine SX The intubation difficulty scale (IDS): proposal and evaluation of a new score characterizing the complexity of endotracheal intubation Anesthesiology 1997 87 1290 1297 9416711
  166. [169]Jaber S Amraoui J Lefrant JY Clinical practice and risk factors for immediate complications of endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study Crit Care Med 2006 34 2355 2361 16850003
  167. [170]Mort TC The incidence and risk factors for cardiac arrest during emergency tracheal intubation: a justification for incorporating the ASA Guidelines in the remote location J Clin Anesth 2004 16 508 516 15590254
  168. [171]Le Tacon S Wolter P Rusterholtz T Complications of difficult tracheal intubations in a critical care unit (French) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2000 19 719 724 11200758
  169. [172]Henderson JJ Popat MT Latto IP Pearce AC Difficult Airway Society Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation Anaesthesia 2004 59 675 694 15200543
  170. [173]Hamaekers AE Henderson JJ Equipment and strategies for emergency tracheal access in the adult patient Anaesthesia 2011 66 Suppl 2 65 80 22074081
  171. [174]Parmet JL Colonna-Romano P Horrow JC Miller F Gonzales J Rosenberg H The laryngeal mask airway reliably provides rescue ventilation in cases of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation along with difficult mask ventilation Anesth Analg 1998 87 661 665 9728849
  172. [175]Mort TC Laryngeal mask airway and bougie intubation failures: the Combitube as a secondary rescue device for in-hospital emergency airway management Anesth Analg 2006 103 1264 1266 17056966
  173. [176]Keller C Brimacombe J Lirk P Puhringer F Failed obstetric tracheal intubation and postoperative respiratory support with the ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway Anesth Analg 2004 98 1467 1470 15105232
  174. [177]Della Puppa A Pittoni G Frass M Tracheal esophageal combitube: a useful airway for morbidly obese patients who cannot intubate or ventilate Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002 46 911 913 12139552
  175. [178]Lim CL Hawthorne L Ip-Yam PC The intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) in failed and difficult intubation Anaesthesia 1998 53 929 930 9849296
  176. [179]Lomax SL Loveland R Rangasami J Can’t intubate, can’t ventilate: rescue airway using a size 2(1/2) laryngeal mask airway in a morbidly obese female patient Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009 26 1090 1091 19359989
  177. [180]Matioc AA Olson J Use of the Laryngeal Tube™ in two unexpected difficult airway situations: lingual tonsillar hyperplasia and morbid obesity Can J Anesth 2004 51 1018 1021 15574554
  178. [181]Boisson-Bertrand D Bourgain JL Camboulives J Intubation difficile Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1996 15 207 214 8734245
  179. [182]Petrini F Accorsi A Adrario E Recommendations for airway control and difficult airway management Minerva Anestesiol 2005 71 617 657 16278626
  180. [183]Braude D Webb H Stafford J The bougie-aided cricothyrotomy Air Med J 2009 28 191 194 19573767
  181. [184]Hubble MW Wilfong DA Brown LH Hertelendy A Benner RW A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control techniques part II: alternative airway devices and cricothyrotomy success rates Prehosp Emerg Care 2010 14 515 530 20809690
  182. [185]Wong DT Lai K Chung FF Ho RY Cannot intubate-cannot ventilate and difficult intubation strategies: results of a Canadian national survey Anesth Analg 2005 100 1439 1446 15845702
  183. [186]Elliott DS Baker PA Scott MR Birch CW Thompson JM Accuracy of surface landmark identification for cannula cricothyroidotomy Anaesthesia 2010 65 889 894 20645953
  184. [187]Aslani A Ng SC Hurley M McCarthy KF McNicholas M McCaul CL Accuracy of identification of the cricothyroid membrane in female subjects using palpation: an observational study Anesth Analg 2012 114 987 992 22366848
  185. [188]Cook TM Nolan JP Use of capnography to confirm correct tracheal intubation during cardiac arrest Anaesthesia 2011 66 1183 1184 22070599
  186. [189]Merchant R Chartrand D Dain S Guidelines to the practice of anesthesia revised edition 2013 Can J Anesth 2013 60 60 84 23264010
  187. [190]Quinn AC Milne D Columb M Gorton H Knight M Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK Br J Anaesth 2013 110 74 80 22986421
  188. [191]Djabatey EA Barclay PM Difficult and failed intubation in 3430 obstetric general anaesthetics Anaesthesia 2009 64 1168 1171 19825049
  189. [192]McKeen DM George RB O’Connell CM Difficult and failed intubation: incident rates and maternal, obstetrical, and anesthetic predictors Can J Anesth 2011 58 514 524 21472485
  190. [193]Douglas MJ Preston RL The obstetric airway: things are seldom as they seem Can J Anesth 2011 58 494 498 21455646
  191. [194]Russell IF Chambers WA Closing volume in normal pregnancy Br J Anaesth 1981 53 1043 1047 7295449
  192. [195]McClelland SH Bogod DG Hardman JG Pre-oxygenation and apnoea in pregnancy: changes during labour and with obstetric morbidity in a computational simulation Anaesthesia 2009 64 371 377 19317700
  193. [196]Hignett R Fernando R McGlennan A A randomized crossover study to determine the effect of a 30° head-up versus a supine position on the functional residual capacity of term parturients Anesth Analg 2011 113 1098 1102 21918160
  194. [197]Izci B Riha RL Martin SE The upper airway in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 167 137 140 12411285
  195. [198]Kodali BS Chandrasekhar S Bulich LN Topulos GP Datta S Airway changes during labor and delivery Anesthesiology 2008 108 357 362 18292672
  196. [199]Boutonnet M Faitot V Katz A Salomon L Keita H Mallampati class changes during pregnancy, labour, and after delivery: can these be predicted? Br J Anaesth 2010 104 67 70 20007793
  197. [200]Norris AM Hardman JG Asai T A firm foundation for progress in airway management Br J Anaesth 2011 106 613 616 21498493
  198. [201]Tsen LC Pitner R Camann WR General anesthesia for cesarean section at a tertiary care hospital 1990-1995: indications and implications Int J Obstet Anesth 1998 7 147 152 15321206
  199. [202]Palanisamy A Mitani AA Tsen LC General anesthesia for cesarean delivery at a tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2005: a retrospective analysis and 10-year update Int J Obstet Anesth 2011 20 10 16 21036594
  200. [203]Wong SH Hung CT Prevalence and prediction of difficult intubation in Chinese women Anaesth Intensive Care 1999 27 49 52 10050224

200 of 257 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
for the Canadian Airway Focus Group, Law, J. A., Broemling, N., Cooper, R. M., Drolet, P., Duggan, L. V., Griesdale, D. E., Hung, O. R., Jones, P. M., Kovacs, G., Massey, S., Morris, I. R., Mullen, T., Murphy, M. F., Preston, R., Naik, V. N., Scott, J., Stacey, S., Turkstra, T. P., & Wong, D. T.
Affiliations
  • Dalhousie University (CA)
  • Western University (CA)
Corresponding author
Law, J. Adam
ORCID
Venue
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-10-17
Volume
60
Issue
11
Pages
1089-1118
ISSN
  • 0832-610X (ISSN-L)
  • 1496-8975
DOI
10.1007/s12630-013-0019-3
PMC
PMC3825644
OpenAlex
W1709774878
Cited by
358
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI
31.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Dalhousie University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Airway Management and Intubation Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Tracheal and airway disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
Keywords
difficult airway, failed tracheal intubation, difficult intubation, cannot intubate cannot oxygenate, cricothyroidotomy, supraglottic airway devices, intubation attempts, exit strategy, unconscious patients
MeSH terms
Anesthesia, Canada, Cricoid Cartilage, Humans, Intubation, Intratracheal, Unconsciousness, Laryngeal Masks, Airway Management

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review