Immunomodulatory and antiparasitic effects of garlic–arteether combination via nitric oxide pathway in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
Open accessAbstract
Many reports indicate medicinal value of garlic (Allium sativum), a popular herbal medicine used worldwide, and its therapeutic effect against several diseases. Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown a potential therapeutic role of garlic-artemisinin combination in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. A single dose of α, β-arteether with three oral doses of garlic provides almost 95% protection. The present study aims to understand the mode of action of this combination. We have documented the level of nitric oxide (NO), a key molecule of protection and have seen in the reversal of organ morphology caused by malaria infection. The combination effects on the (a) survival rate and degree of parasitemia and (b) NO levels in blood, liver, spleen and thymus of malaria-infected mice were investigated. During the study, liver, spleen and thymus cell suspensions were assessed for immunobiochemical alterations of NO levels. The increase in NO level after infection appears to be unable to protect, whereas striking increase in spleen and thymus leads to protection against infection, and is further confirmed by detection of increased inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression levels in different organs by RT-PCR. In addition, the role of T cell subsets during combination treatment was also studied. All these results indicate a potential mechanism of protection through NO pathway in combination-treated animals after malaria infection and may lead to an immunotherapy trial of malaria disease.
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Garlic-artemether combination treatment has a potent immunomodulatory and anti-plasmodial effect.
“Vathsala and Murthy [138] revealed the potent immunomodulatory and anti-plasmodial effect of garlic–artemether combination treatment.”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [138]
Garlic-artemether combined therapy may have a potential role in reducing organ injury and protecting against Plasmodium species by affecting NO production.
“They reported that this combined therapy may have a potential role in reducing organ injury and protecting against Plasmodium species by affecting NO production, suggesting novel treatment options against malaria [138,139].”
From Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review (2020) · cites this paper as [138]
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Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review
El-Saber Batiha, G., Magdy Beshbishy, A., G. Wasef, L., Elewa, Y. H. A., A. Al-Sagan, A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Taha, A. E., M. Abd-Elhakim, Y., & Prasad Devkota, H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030872 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
- Authors
- Vathsala, P. G., & Krishna Murthy, P.
- ORCID
- Vathsala, P. G.
- Venue
- Journal of Parasitic Diseases
- Published
- 2019-09-24
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 49-61
- ISSN
- 0971-7196 (ISSN-L)
- 0975-0703
- PMC
- PMC7046881
- OpenAlex
- W2975971565
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Parasitic Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NOT FOUND REPOSITORY (Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Indian Council of Medical Research (Ref No. 5/10/FR/19/2015-RBMH)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical compounds biological activities
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Garlic and Onion Studies
- Keywords
- garlic, arteether, Plasmodium berghei, malaria, nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, immunomodulation, T cell subsets, spleen, thymus, parasitemia, immunotherapy
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