Cited by 233Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychology Research and Bibliometricsscientometrics and bibliometrics research

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Trends and Developments in Mindfulness Research over 55 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications Indexed in Web of Science

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Baminiwatta, Anuradha, Solangaarachchi, Indrajith·2021·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-021-01681-xPMC PMC8282773

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Abstract

Objectives This study aimed to identify historical developments, active research areas, and emerging trends within scientific literature on mindfulness published so far, using bibliometric methods. We also aimed to identify prominent journals, authors, organizations, and countries in the field of mindfulness.Methods Articles or reviews which mention mindfulness in the title, abstract, or keywords were identified using the Web of Science. A descriptive summary of the literature was obtained from the Web of Science Analysis tool. Country collaboration, co-authorship, and keyword co-occurrence networks were visualized using VOSviewer. CiteSpace, which uses document co-citation analysis, was used to identify emerging trends and transient patterns in the literature.Results From 1966 to 2021, 16,581 publications on mindfulness were identified. There has been an exponential growth of publications since 2006. Almost half (47%) of the publications were in psychology and about one-fifth (20.8%) in psychiatry. The most prolific journal was Mindfulness (contributing 7% of all publications) and the most prolific author was Eric L. Garland. The vast majority of publications originated from Western countries but representation from Asian countries has increased. The most frequently co-occurring keywords were meditation, depression, stress, and anxiety. Co-citation analysis of the early period (1966-2015) revealed how scholarly work on spiritual themes has inspired early mindfulness research. Recent trends (2016-2021) revealed a rising interest in mechanisms and moderators, long-term meditation, neuroscientific studies, and smartphone/online delivery of interventions.Conclusions This comprehensive bibliometric study summarized and visualized 55 years of mindfulness research, revealing pivotal points, active research areas, and emerging trends.

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Background
A 30-year bibliometric assessment and visualisation of emotion regulation research: applying network analysis and cluster analysis
Rahaman, S., Govil, P., Khan, D., & Jevremov, T. (2023) · Information Discovery and Delivery · doi:10.1108/idd-11-2022-0110 · Cited by 11
Improving psychological well‐being among healthcare workers during the COVID ‐19 pandemic with an online mindfulness intervention: A randomised waitlist‐controlled trial
Baminiwatta, A., Fernando, R., Solangaarachchi, I., Abayabandara‐Herath, T., Wickremasinghe, A. R., & Hapangama, A. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.13118 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Conceptualizing Mindfulness Using Construal Level Theory: A Two-Dimensional Model
Bigman, N., & Yovel, I. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02429-z · Cited by 12
Fostering Resilience and Well-Being
Singha, R. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8125-0.ch006 · Cited by 10
The Mindfulness Internal Attention (MIA) Framework: Uncovering the Attentional Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training
Hadash, Y., Dar, O., Amir, I., Braver, T. S., & Bernstein, A. (2026) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-012925-030843 · Cited by 10
“Mindfulness is a rapidly growing focus of science (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi 2021, Ferreira & Demarzo 2024), with a broad empirical literature documenting multiple salutary effects of mindfulness training on mental health and physical health outcomes (Bernstein et al. 2019b”
Psychometric Evaluation of a Sinhalese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Development of a Six-Facet Short Form in a Sri Lankan Buddhist Context
Baminiwatta, A., Alahakoon, H., Herath, N. C., Kodithuwakku, K. M., & Nanayakkara, T. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01863-1 · Cited by 11
“In fact, in a recent bibliometric analysis, the MAAS and FFMQ were found to be the most cited empirical articles within the mindfulness literature (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021).”
MethodSelf-citation
Beyond Mindfulness Assessed by Questionnaires: The Mindful-Breathing Exercise as an Additional Approach in PTSD and Depression
Kümmerle, S., Heidenreich, T., & Müller‐Engelmann, M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02093-9 · Cited by 10
“In the light of these findings, an ever-growing number of mindfulness-based programs has been developed in the clinical context (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021).”
Background
Understanding the Implementation of Informal Meditation Practice in a Smartphone-Based Intervention: A Qualitative Analysis
Xie, Q., Dyer, R. L., Lam, S. U., Frye, C. J., Dahl, C. J., Quanbeck, A., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02304-x · Cited by 10
The Architectural Design Strategies That Promote Attention to Foster Mindfulness: A Systematic Review, Content Analysis and Meta-Analysis
Thampanichwat, C., Wongvorachan, T., Bunyarittikit, S., Chunhajinda, P., Phaibulputhipong, P., & Wongmahasiri, R. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14082508 · Cited by 11
Enhancing academic resilience through mindfulness‐based practices in the schools: A study on vocational high school students
Erdemir, N., Karanfi̇l, F., & Şengül, R. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23168 · Cited by 9
Global and LMIC insights into Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): A bibliometric study from 1998 to 2023
Lim, R. G., Voon, S. P., Fatahyah, Y., Mohamad, F. S., & Ahmi, A. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100796 · Cited by 12
Effectiveness of Meditation Techniques in Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Orme‐Johnson, D. W., Barnes, V. A., Rees, B. M., Tobin, J., & Walton, K. G. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60122050 · Cited by 11
“Between 1966 and 2021, there were over 16,000 studies published related to mindfulness, with the number of publications increasing by an average of 23.5% per year from 2010 to 2020 [31].”
Influential
The Role of Mindfulness and Mindful Eating in Sustainable Food Choices: A Scoping Review
Pompili, S., & Carfora, V. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02576-x · Cited by 10
“It is generally described as the act of being fully present and engaged in the moment without judgment (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021).”
Exploring the Benefits of an Arts-Based Mindfulness Group Intervention for Youth Experiencing Challenges in Schooling
Coholic, D. A., Eys, M., Shaw, K., & Rienguette, M. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231192111 · Cited by 8
“There is a robust research literature (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021) showing the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) for adults with a variety of challenges such as anxiety, depression, and stress (Goldberg et al., 2022).”
Background
Mapping knowledge and research trend on technology adoption in higher education: A bibliometric analysis
Lubis, B. S., & Yus, A. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12801-0 · Cited by 8
The psychometric properties of the Vietnamese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Nguyen, H. T. M., Nguyen, H. V., & Bui, T. T. H. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-01003-3 · Cited by 6
“Background For the past few decades, mindfulness research has enjoyed a rapid growth in interest and publication [1].”
Background
Mindfulness, subjective, and psychological well‐being: A comparative analysis of FFMQ and MAAS measures
Stuart‐Edwards, A. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70019 · Cited by 9
“Research on mindfulness has primarily targeted its effects on reducing negative outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, and stress, with comparatively less emphasis on its potential to enhance positive outcomes (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021; Stuart-Edwards et al., 2023).”
Nirbhay N. Singh: an Appreciation
Kabat‐Zinn, J. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02035-x · Cited by 7
Research and Public Interest in Mindfulness in the COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Era: A Bibliometric and Google Trends Analysis
Kwon, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20053807 · Cited by 7
“The search terms used were determined by referring to previously published bibliometric studies in this field [30,31].”
Method
Bibliometric analysis of the global literature productivity of adult-onset Still’s disease (2011–2020)
Zhang, X., Yang, Q., Yu, H., Yin, F., He, Y., Peng, L., Zhao, Z., Li, M., He, Y., He, C., et al. (2022) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-022-05097-1 · Cited by 7
“Web of Science, as the world’s leading database of scientific publications, can be used to acquire citations and other scholarly impact information [16, 17].”
Background
Mindfulness-based programmes and ‘bigger than self’ issues: protocol for a scoping review
Callen-Davies, R. J., Bristow, J., Gazder, T., Griffith, G. M., Noorani, Y., & Crane, R. S. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067819 · Cited by 6
Research progress analysis of live streaming commerce based on CiteSpace
Huang, Y., Makmor, N. B., & Mohamad, S. H. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36029 · Cited by 6
“The intensity of an occurrence measures the degree of sudden surge in frequency during the appearance of a keyword, which is usually a sign of popularity [93].”
Background
Current Trends and Future Directions of Statistical Methods in Medical Research: A Scientometric Analysis
Yardibi, F., Chen, C., Aladağ, Ç. H., & Köse, Ö. (2025) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.70257 · Cited by 7
Psychometric properties of the Arabic versions of the long (27 items) and short (13 items) forms of the interpersonal mindfulness scale (IMS)
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Malaeb, D. N., Azzi, V., Hallit, R. R., Dabbous, M., Sakr, F., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05674-7 · Cited by 6
“The concept of mindfulness, mainly as a self-reported trait, has triggered a rapidly expanding research interest over the past years [1].”
Background
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Tourette Syndrome
Reese, H. E., Brown, W. A., & Rooks, J. D. (2024) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2024.08.009 · Cited by 6
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Preventing Childhood Maltreatment and Restoring Health Among Survivors: A Public Health Perspective
Joss, D. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02585-w · Cited by 7
“With the rapid growth of popularity of mindfulness practices (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021; Lee et al., 2021), mindfulness-based interventions are starting to be developed for parents (Shorey & Ng, 2021), schools (McK-eering & Hwang, 2019), and children of different ages facing various…”
Impact of “mindfulness” or full awareness meditation on learning abilities
Lucero‐Romero, G., & Arias-Bolzmann, L. G. (2023) · European Journal of Management and Business Economics · doi:10.1108/ejmbe-07-2022-0218 · Cited by 6
Mindfulness meditation and bimanual coordination control: study of acute effects and the mediating role of cognition
Devillers-Réolon, L., Temprado, J.-J., & Sleimen-Malkoun, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1162390 · Cited by 6
“Mindfulness practice and its benefits have witnessed a soaring scientific interest during the last 15 years (Baminiwatta and Solangaarachchi, 2021).”
Background
Mindfulness, Subjective Cognitive Functioning, Sleep Timing and Time Expansion during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study in Italy
Fabbri, M. (2023) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep5020024 · Cited by 6
“Dispositional mindfulness was assessed by the Mindful Awareness Attentional Scale (MAAS) [52]—for the Italian version of the MAAS, see [85]—which is one of the most widely used questionnaires to assess dispositional mindfulness [86].”
Enhancing Mindfulness Effects on Well-Being Using Immersive Virtual Reality in Non-Clinical Populations: Where Are We Going?
Milasi, C., Bonanno, M., Bernardelli, L., Maggio, M. G., Perrotti, G., Barbuto, P., Barberio, M., Albertini, A., Tallarico, N., Catalano, L. M., et al. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02710-9 · Cited by 5
Intervention Fidelity in Mindfulness-Based Research and Practice: Developing Criteria to Acknowledge New Training Programs
van Boxtel, M. P. J., Sansom, S. A., & Kersemaekers, W. M. (2022) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164957x221149012 · Cited by 5
“In recent decades, societal and scientific interest in mindfulness and mindfulness-based programs (MBP’s) has grown exponentially.(1) MBP’s integrate mindfulness teaching and practice with contemporary approaches and theories to meet the needs of contemporary society.”
Background
Mindfulness Intervention Improves Coping and Perceptions of Children’s Behavior among Families with Elevated Risk
Krause, J. T., & Brown, S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20237092 · Cited by 6
“Despite being one of the most commonly cited measures of mindfulness [107], some items tend to vary with meditation experience [108], indicating that the factor structure of the FFMQ may vary depending on sample.”
Background
Testing the monitor and acceptance theory: the role of training-induced changes in monitoring- and acceptance-related capacities after attention-based, socio-emotional, or socio-cognitive mental training in reducing cortisol stress reactivity
O’Malley, B., Linz, R., Engert, V., & Singer, T. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2345906 · Cited by 6
“Mindfulness-based mental training interventions have been studied extensively in recent decades to understand their efficacy in reducing stress and its related disorders (Baminiwatta & solangaarachchi, 2021).”
Expanding the Reach of Mindfulness: A Mechanistic Approach and AI Applications
Tan, K. S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02486-4 · Cited by 5
“Over recent decades, researchers have increasingly sought to identify the specific psychological processes responsible for mindfulness effects (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021).”
Psychoneuroimmunology of Mindfulness: What works, how it works, and for whom?
Burić, I. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101022 · Cited by 6
“The field of mindfulness has been growing rapidly in recent years, reaching 16 581 studies published between 1966 and 2020, and now over 2000 novel studies continue to be published annually (Baminiwatta and Solangaarachchi, 2021).”
Revealing subgroup-specific mechanisms of change via moderated mediation: A meditation intervention example.
Webb, C. A., Hirshberg, M. J., González, O., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2023) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000842 · Cited by 6
“There is a large body of literature supporting the overall efficacy of mindfulness interventions in alleviating stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (Baminiwatta & Solangaarachchi, 2021; Galante et al., 2021; Goldberg et al., 2018; Goldberg, Riordan, et al., 2022; Khoury et al., 2015).”
Background
Mindfulness for Young Athletes
Brenner, J. S. (2023) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381231209219 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness Teacher Trainees’ Experiences (MTTE): An investigation of intense experiences in mindfulness-based interventions
Jönhagen, E., Wood, T., Niemi, M., & Galante, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301593 · Cited by 8

Authors: Baminiwatta, A., & Solangaarachchi, I.
Affiliations: University of Kelaniya (LK)
Corresponding author: Baminiwatta, Anuradha
ORCID: Baminiwatta, Anuradha
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-07-16
Volume: 12
Issue: 9
Pages: 2099-2116
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-021-01681-x
PMC: PMC8282773
OpenAlex: W3185236960
Cited by: 232
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 3
FWCI: 5.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
Keywords: mindfulness research, research trends, meditation, depression, stress, anxiety, smartphone-based intervention, online intervention, spiritual themes, publication growth, co-authorship networks, co-citation analysis

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Trends and Developments in Mindfulness Research over 55 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications Indexed in Web of Science

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