What is a complex system?
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
Cites
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x · Cited by 88,486 · see citing works
Information theory and statistical mechanics
Jaynes, E. T. (1957) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.106.620 · Cited by 12,931 · see citing works
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A complex systems approach to aging biology
Cohen, A. A., Ferrucci, L., Fülöp, T., Gravel, D., Hao, N., Kriete, A., Levine, M. E., Lipsitz, L. A., Olde Rikkert, M. G. M., Rutenberg, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-022-00252-6 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Complexity theory of psychopathology.
Olthof, M., Hasselman, F., Oude Maatman, F., Bosman, A. M. T., & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000740 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Piao, J., Yan, Y., Zhang, J., Li, N., Yan, J., Lan, X., Lu, Z., Zheng, Z., Wang, J. Y., Zhou, D., et al. (2025) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5954414 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Massey, S. (2015) · Life · doi:10.3390/life5021301 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dynamical Emergence Theory (DET): A Computational Account of Phenomenal Consciousness
Moyal, R., Fekete, T., & Edelman, S. (2020) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-020-09516-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sources of Opacity in Computer Systems: Towards a Comprehensive Taxonomy
Mann, S., Crook, B., Kästner, L., Schomäcker, A., & Speith, T. (2023) · 2023 IEEE 31st International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW) · doi:10.1109/rew57809.2023.00063 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
OASIS: Open Agent Social Interaction Simulations with One Million Agents
Yang, Z., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Z., Jiang, Y., Gan, Z., Wang, Z., Ling, Z., Chen, J., Ma, M., Dong, B., et al. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.11581 · Cited by 3
“In this section, we describe the workflow and critical internal mechanisms of OASIS , which enable it to be easily generalized and scaled to support the simulation of millions of LLM-based agents.”
MacKinnon v. MacKinnon: ontology, science, politics
Snyder, G. F. (2025) · Feminist Theory · doi:10.1177/14647001251362634
Piao, J., Yan, Y., Zhang, J., Li, N., Yan, J., Lan, X., Lu, Z., Zheng, Z., Wang, J. Y., Zhou, D., et al. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.08691 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The scale is a key factor in determining its capacity to support research on complex social systems [87, 57, 30].”
- Authors
- Ladyman, J., Lambert, J., & Wiesner, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ladyman, James
- Venue
- European Journal for Philosophy of Science
- Published
- 2012-06-19
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-67
- ISSN
- 1879-4912 (ISSN-L)
- 1879-4920
- OpenAlex
- W2068883935
- Cited by
- 846
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal for Philosophy of Science (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/H001670/1)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/I013709/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Systems and Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Chaos, Complexity, and Education
- Keywords
- complex systems, definition of complexity, statistical complexity, philosophy of complexity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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