DM-calendar app as a diabetes self-management education on adult type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Purpose Era Disruption 4.0 demands development in the management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) by using application-based intervention that can facilitate nursing intervention. The aim was to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus calendar app as a Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) program on self-efficacy, HbA1c levels, lipid profile, and insulin in adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods It was randomized experimental design - simple random sampling used with a total sample of 30 respondents. The instruments used diabetes management self-efficacy scales and standard of operational procedure blood sampling. The statistical tests used were a Paired t-test, Wilcoxon, and an Independent t-test.Results DSME with an Android-based DM calendar affected self-efficacy (p < 0.001), HbA1c levels (p = 0.005), cholesterol (p = 0.009), triglyceride (p = 0.000), HDL-c (p = 0.048), LDL-c (p = 0.010), and insulin (p = 0.000) compared with the control group. Education with these electronic media has increased the perception of self-efficacy and improved the behavior of good self-management that can be seen from changes in controlled HbA1c level, lipid profile and insulin.Conclusion The results of this study can be used as a reference for providing educational experimental in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
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In T2DM, only 1 study reported a significant change of -1.1% (P<.001) in HbA1c within the app intervention groups.
“Eleven of the studies reported a decrease of HbA1c within the app intervention groups, yielding a mean difference of –0.42% [50-52,54-61], but only 1 study reported a significant change of –1.1% (P<.001) [56].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Of 11 T2DM studies that included control groups, 7 reported significant differences (mean difference: -0.78%, -1.51 to -0.35) in favor of the app intervention groups.
“Of 11 studies that included control groups in their study design, 7 studies reported significant differences (mean difference: –0.78%, –1.51 to –0.35) in favor of the app intervention groups [51,53-58]”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
In T2DM, eleven studies reported a decrease of HbA1c within the app intervention groups, yielding a mean difference of -0.42%.
“Eleven of the studies reported a decrease of HbA1c within the app intervention groups, yielding a mean difference of –0.42% [50-52,54-61], but only 1 study reported a significant change of –1.1% (P<.001) [56].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Of the 27 papers, 12 focused on T2DM, with 743 patients in the intervention groups and 645 in the control groups.
“12 were focused on T2DM (743 patients in the intervention groups and 645 patients in the control groups) [50-61]”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Six T2DM studies looked at total cholesterol, but only 1 found a significant change within the intervention group and between groups.
“Six studies looked at total cholesterol [52,53,55,56,58,61], but only 1 study found a significant change within the intervention group (P=.01), as well as between the groups (P=.009) [56].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
HDL and LDL cholesterol were both included in 7 T2DM studies.
“High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were both included in 7 studies [52,53,55-58,61].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Kusnanto et al (15 intervention, 15 control) used a diabetes management self-efficacy scale of 15 questions and found significant improvements within and between groups.
“Kusnanto et al [56] (15 patients in the intervention group and 15 patients in the control group) used a diabetes management self-efficacy scale consisting of 15 questions and found significant improvements within and between the groups (within groups: 15.48, P<.001 in the intervention group versus 9.6, P<.001 in the control group; between groups: P<.001).”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Cholesterol levels were reported in 7 T2DM studies (407 intervention, 348 control).
“Cholesterol levels were reported in 7 studies (407 patients in the intervention groups and 348 patients in the control groups).”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Regarding HDL cholesterol, only 1 T2DM study found significant differences within groups and between groups, showing greater improvement and lower values in the control group.
“Regarding HDL cholesterol, only 1 study found significant differences within groups (P=.002 in the intervention group, P=.004 in the control group) and between groups, showing greater improvement and lower values in the control group (60.67 mg/dL to 54.33 mg/dL in the intervention group versus 60.07 mg/dL to 52.73 mg/dL in the control group; P=.048) [56].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
Regarding LDL cholesterol, 1 T2DM study reported a significant change within the intervention group and between the intervention and control groups.
“With regard to LDL cholesterol, 1 study reported a significant change within the intervention group (–20.42 mg/dL; P=.007) and between the intervention and control groups (P=.01) [56].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
For patients with T2DM, one included study found a significant improvement in HbA1c of approximately -1.1%, yielding mean HbA1c of 7.64% in the intervention group.
“For T2DM, one of the included studies found a significant improvement in HbA1c levels, approximately –1.1%, yielding a mean HbA1c of 7.64% in the intervention group [56]”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
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Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review
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“Six studies looked at total cholesterol [52,53,55,56,58,61], but only 1 study found a significant change within the intervention group ( P= .01), as well as between the groups ( P=. 009) [56].”
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- Authors
- Kusnanto, Widyanata, K. A. J., Suprajitno, & Arifin, H.
- Affiliations
- Universitas Airlangga (ID)
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders
- Published
- 2019-11-19
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 557-563
- ISSN
- 2251-6581 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6915201
- OpenAlex
- W2990334091
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 5.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universitas Airlangga Repository (Universitas Airlangga) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, diabetes self-management education, mobile health apps, diabetes self-efficacy, HbA1c, lipid profile, insulin, nursing interventions, digital health interventions
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