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Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background Anxiety disorders (AD) are common mental disorders, for which several cost-of-illness (COI) studies have been conducted in the past. Objective The aim of this review was to provide a systematic overview of these studies and an aggregation of their results. Methods A systematic literature search limited to studies published after 1999 was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE in November 2018. We included top-down COI studies reporting costs for AD, and bottom-up COI studies reporting costs for AD and a non-diseased control group, and extracted data manually. Results of the top-down COI studies were aggregated by calculating the mean percentage of costs on gross domestic product (GDP) and health expenditure, while the results of the bottom-up studies were analyzed meta-analytically using the 'ratio of means' method and inverse-variance pooling. In this review, the logarithm of the relative difference in a continuous outcome between two groups is calculated and aggregated over the studies. The results can be interpreted as the relative change in costs imposed by a specific disease compared with baseline costs. Results We identified 13 top-down and 11 bottom-up COI studies. All top-down COI studies and four bottom-up COI studies reported costs for AD as a diagnostic group, four for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), four for social anxiety disorder (SAD), and one for panic disorder. In top-down COI studies, direct costs of AD, on average, corresponded to 2.08% of health care c…
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Metadata
- Authors
- Konnopka, A., & König, H.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Konnopka, Alexander
- Venue
- PharmacoEconomics
- Published
- 2019-10-24
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-37
- ISSN
- 1170-7690 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2027
- OpenAlex
- W2981592857
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PharmacoEconomics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, economic burden, direct costs, indirect costs, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, health care costs, productivity loss, gross domestic product, study heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, mental health policy, mental health professionals, mental health service utilization
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Health Expenditures, Humans, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness, Gross Domestic Product
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