Cost-of-illness studies and cost-effectiveness analyses in anxiety disorders: A systematic review
Abstract
Aims To review cost-of-illness studies (COI) and cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) conducted for anxiety disorders.Methods Based on a database search in Pubmed, PsychINFO and NHS EED, studies were classified according to various criteria. Cost data were inflated and converted to 2005 US-$ purchasing power parities (PPP).Results We finally identified 20 COI and 11 CEA of which most concentrated on panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Differing inclusion of cost categories limited comparability of COI. PD and GAD tended to show higher direct costs per case, but lower direct cost per inhabitant than social and specific phobias. Different measures of effectiveness severely limited comparability of CEA. Overall CEA analysed 26 therapeutic or interventional strategies mostly compared to standard treatment, 8 of them resulting in lower better effectiveness and costs than the comparator.Conclusions Anxiety disorders cause considerable costs. More research on phobias, more standardised inclusion of cost categories in COI and a wider use of comparable effectiveness measures (like QALYs) in CEA is needed.
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The preference for VRET over IVET could be associated with barriers inherent to IVET that are not present in VRET, such as lack of confidentiality and limited access to and control of the feared stimulus in animal phobias.
“This preference for VRET over IVET could be associated with different barriers inherent to IVET that are not present in VRET, such as the lack of confidentiality (especially when conducted outside the clinic) and limited access to and control of the feared stimulus in the case of animal phobias.10 11”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Konnopka, A., Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., & König, H.-H.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Konnopka, Alexander
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 14-31
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053944890
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, economic burden, cost-effectiveness, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, direct costs, cost classification, quality-adjusted life years, treatment effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Panic Disorder, Treatment Outcome, Cost of Illness
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