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Ageing, Muscle Power and Physical Function: A Systematic Review and Implications for Pragmatic Training Interventions
Open accessAbstract
Background The physiological impairments most strongly associated with functional performance in older people are logically the most efficient therapeutic targets for exercise training interventions aimed at improving function and maintaining independence in later life.Objectives The objectives of this review were to (1) systematically review the relationship between muscle power and functional performance in older people; (2) systematically review the effect of power training (PT) interventions on functional performance in older people; and (3) identify components of successful PT interventions relevant to pragmatic trials by scoping the literature.Methods Our approach involved three stages. First, we systematically reviewed evidence on the relationship between muscle power, muscle strength and functional performance and, second, we systematically reviewed PT intervention studies that included both muscle power and at least one index of functional performance as outcome measures. Finally, taking a strong pragmatic perspective, we conducted a scoping review of the PT evidence to identify the successful components of training interventions needed to provide a minimally effective training dose to improve physical function.Results Evidence from 44 studies revealed a positive association between muscle power and indices of physical function, and that muscle power is a marginally superior predictor of functional performance than muscle strength. Nine studies revealed maximal angular velocity of movement, an important component of muscle power, to be positively associated with functional performance and a better predictor of functional performance than muscle strength. We identified 31 PT studies, characterised by small sample sizes and incomplete reporting of interventions, resulting in less than one-in-five studies judged as having a low risk of bias. Thirteen studies compared traditional resistance training with PT, with ten studies reporting the superiority of PT for either muscle power or functional performance. Further studies demonstrated the efficacy of various methods of resistance and functional task PT on muscle power and functional performance, including low-load PT and low-volume interventions.Conclusions Maximal intended movement velocity, low training load, simple training methods, low-volume training and low-frequency training were revealed as components offering potential for the development of a pragmatic intervention. Additionally, the research area is dominated by short-term interventions producing short-term gains with little consideration of the long-term maintenance of functional performance. We believe the area would benefit from larger and higher-quality studies and consideration of optimal long-term strategies to develop and maintain muscle power and physical function over years rather than weeks.
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“Consequently, muscle power (the product of force and velocity) is a critical component of functional performance in older individuals 23,24 that declines faster than strength over time, 25,26 with reductions of up to 6% per year in people aged . 70 years. 27”
From High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Two previous reviews were narrative syntheses that did not quantitatively synthesise study data. 24,37”
From High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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“To date, several systematic reviews have made direct comparisons of the effectiveness of these modalities on older adults ' functional performance 24,37,46 -49 but did not fully address the quality of the intervention reporting, which limits the translation and application into practice.”
From High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Furthermore, Byrne et al. [40] found that muscle power was a superior predictor of functional performance compared to muscle strength, however, pooled effect estimates were not provided.”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Byrne, C., Faure, C., Keene, D. J., & Lamb, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Byrne, Christopher
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2016-02-18
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1311-1332
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-2035
- OpenAlex
- W2284956638
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- muscle power, functional performance, older adults, power training, resistance training, muscle strength, training load, training volume, exercise frequency, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Humans, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training
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