Tea and China’s rise: tea, nationalism and culture in the 21st century

May combine two claims.

Yunnan Province tea exports fell from seven million pounds in 1965 to twenty-seven thousand pounds in 1973, indicating the drastic effect of Maoist policies on the tea industry.

“exports of tea from Yunnan Province fell from seven million pounds in 1965 to only twenty-seven thousand pounds in 1973, giving some indication of the drastic effect of Maoist policies on the tea industry (Reid 2011, p. 59).”

• cites Reid 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tea culture and consumption in China have developed rapidly over the last two decades, with many Chinese people rediscovering tea's allure.

“Tea culture and consumption in China has developed rapidly over the last two decades.Many Chinese people are 'rediscovering' the allure of tea and its intoxicating elixir.”

• cites Zhang 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Coffee consumption in China is still less than five cups per person per year, compared with 400 cups per capita per year in North America.

“Yet coffee consumption is still less than five cups per year per person, compared to 400 cups per capita per year in North America (Coonan 2011).”

• cites Coonan 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There are many tea houses, especially in Beijing, Chengdu, and Hangzhou-approximately 60,000 nationwide according to a China Tea Marketing Association survey-but they are small-scale and scattered.

“There are many tea houses especially in cities like Beijing, Chengdu and Hangzhou (approximately 60,000 nationwide according to a survey from the China Tea Marketing Association), yet they are small-scale and scattered.”

• cites China Tea Marketing AssociationNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Chinese tea houses lack strategic planning and a standard production process, and some owners run them based on personal interest and do not want to enlarge their businesses.

“As Xu Fuliang, a tea industry expert at Achieve Brand based in Hangzhou, said, 'Chinese tea houses lack strategic planning and a standard production process … I know some tea house owners in Hangzhou.They run tea houses based on their personal interest and don't want to enlarge their businesses'.(quoted in Chen 2010).This is confirmed with my own interviews with tea house proprietors.”

• cites Chen 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 2008, Lipton's market share in China was approximately 43.4%, with annual turnover of 23 billion yuan, almost equal to the entire output of Chinese tea production at 30 billion yuan.

“In 2008 Lipton's market share in China was approximately 43.4 % with annual turnover of 23 billion yuan, which is almost equal to the entire output of Chinese tea production at 30 billion yuan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After the 1978 launch of reform and openness, Deng Xiaoping ended China's isolation and the economy accelerated in growth and trade; when China adopted the socialist market economy in 1992, it entered a golden era of double-digit expansion.

“After the launch of 'reform and openness' in 1978 Deng Xiaoping took China out of isolation and the Chinese economy began to accelerate in growth and trade.When China embraced the 'socialist market economy' in 1992 it entered the 'golden era' of double digit expansion.”

May combine two claims.

British tea plantations in India were established on an industrial scale from the beginning, using large plantations, modern agricultural methods, and cheap reliable local Indian labour.

“By contrast, the British in India established tea plantations on an industrial scale right from the very beginning.They established large tea plantations and used modern agricultural methods of cultivation.They also drew upon the local Indian population-a cheap and reliable source of labour-to work on the large tea plantations (Sharma 2011;Besky 2014).”

• cites Sharma 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Besky 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Wardian case, invented in Britain around 1829, was a glass box that allowed live plant specimens to be shipped from distant places to Britain and enabled Fortune to transport tea plants from China to India in the 1840s.

“The wardian case, pictured here, was invented in Britain around 1829.Similar to a terrarium, it is a glass box that enabled live plant specimens to be transported via ship from the far corners of the globe to the centre of empire.It was this device that enabled Robert Fortune to transport his booty of tea plants from China to India in the 1840s”

May combine two claims.

In Brussels on 1 April 2014, Xi Jinping used beer and tea to note cultural differences between the West and China while saying both cultures embody acceptance of cultural plurality.

“In a speech given in Brussels on 1st April 2014 President Xi used beer and tea to note that whilst there are cultural differences between the West and China both cultures embody an acceptance of cultural plurality”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

On 16 July 2014 in Brazil, Xi Jinping highlighted long economic cooperation by noting that Chinese tea farmers had shared tea production knowledge in Brazil over 200 years earlier and helped establish the Brazilian tea industry.

“On 16th July 2014 during an official state visit to Brazil, President Xi highlighted the long history of economic cooperation between China and Brazil by noting the contribution Chinese tea farmers had made in Brazil over 200 years ago when they shared knowledge of tea production and help establish the Brazilian tea industry”

May combine two claims.

Tea has had a rebirth on the diplomatic front, with President Xi Jinping mentioning tea in state visits to Russia, Belgium, and Brazil, highlighting tea's significance to Chinese culture and offering insights into the Chinese psyche.

“Tea has also had somewhat of a rebirth on the diplomatic front.In recent times President Xi Jinping has mentioned tea in numerous state visits to countries like Russia, Belgium and Brazil, highlighting the significance of tea to Chinese culture and offering these insights as a way to understand the Chinese psyche.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

During this period China experienced rapid urbanisation and industrialisation and the emergence of a large consumer middle class.

“We see during this period the process of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, and most significantly, the emergence of a large consumer middle-class.”

May combine two claims.

Lipton returned to China in the 1980s as a modern professional tea and beverage business that was part of the larger multinational Unilever.

“So ironically when Lipton came back to China in the 1980s it did so not as a small-scale enterprise but as a modern day professional tea and beverage business that was part of a much larger multinational corporation (in this case Unilever).”

May combine two claims.

China held a virtual monopoly on tea growing and processing, which was the main reason Western powers, especially Britain, went to China in the 18th and 19th centuries for the tea trade.

“This monopoly was the main reason why the Western powers, and especially the British, went to China in the 18th and 19th centuries to engage in the tea trade.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After some setbacks, the British East India Company established the first viable tea plantations in Darjeeling.

“some minor setbacks the BEIC eventually managed to establish the first viable tea plantations in Darjeeling.”

May combine two claims.

Chinese tea was cultivated and processed on a largely premodern model, while the British in India and later elsewhere started from a large modern industrial agricultural model.

“Thus whilst Chinese tea was still cultivated and processed on a largely 'premodern' model, the British in India, and later elsewhere, started their endeavours based on a large modern industrial agricultural model.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Before the British established plantations, Chinese tea production remained a small-scale family or temple activity, with small farms and techniques unchanged for centuries.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because China is rapidly changing, the government and people look to cultural identity to create stable common meanings that bind the people and nation through the transition.

“China is rapidly changing and the government and people look to cultural identity as a means of creating a stable and common set of meanings to help bind the people and nation through this transition.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: When any nation enters a golden age, the question of cultural identity naturally becomes increasingly important.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The British East India Company and other British tea entrepreneurs expanded tea production across India, Sri Lanka, and Africa, wherever in the British empire tea could be grown and a large native labour force exploited.

“the BEIC and other British tea entrepreneurs, began to expand tea production throughout India, Sri Lanka and Africa-indeed almost anywhere in the British empire that was thought suitable for tea growing and where there was a large native labour force to exploit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

China remained an important tea production centre, especially for many distinct varieties and high-quality teas.

“China still remained an important centre for tea production, especially for the many distinct varieties of tea and teas of high quality.”

May combine two claims.

Once the British plantation system expanded, tea prices fell, making tea accessible to people of different classes around the world, and tea became a global beverage during the 19th and 20th centuries.

“The price of tea also fell, thereby truly making tea a beverage within the reach of peoples from different classes around the world.Tea truly became the global beverage in the course of the 19th and 20th Centuries.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As China emerges as a major economic and political player, it is asking what kind of Chinese culture should be encouraged into the 21st century.

“As China is emerging as a major player on the economic and political world stage it is also asking the question as to what kind of 'Chinese culture' should be encouraged into the 21st Century.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: When any nation enters a golden age, the question of cultural identity naturally becomes increasingly important.

May combine two claims.

After 1949, the Chinese tea industry experienced the ups and downs of socialist transformation, and during the Maoist period China was relatively isolated from global markets and the tea trade never fully recovered.

“After 1949 with the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese tea industry also experienced the ups and downs of socialist transformation.China was relatively isolated from global markets during the Maoist period and the tea trade never fully recovered.”

May combine two claims.

Fortune's mission succeeded: he gathered many tea plants and seeds and persuaded a number of Anhui tea farmers to go with him to India to help grow and produce tea.

“Robert Fortune's mission was very successful.He collected a large horde of tea plants and seeds and also convinced a number of tea farmers from Anhui to go with him to India to assist in the growing and production of the tea.”

• cites Rose 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

British tea companies generally did not aim to create refined and exquisite teas like those in China; they aimed for standardised, affordable tea, prioritising quantity over quality.

“The British were, in general, never aiming to create the refined and exquisite teas you find in China.As a bastion of modern capitalist industrial production British tea companies such as Lipton, of which more below, simply aimed to create a standardised tea that was affordable and easily found within the local market throughout the British Empire.To put it crudely they were aiming for quantity”

May combine two claims.

Zhang notes that tea's fortunes declined during the Maoist period but in the reform and openness era it has made a remarkable recovery and been catapulted to centre stage in renewed cultural nationalism and vibrant consumerism.

“As Zhang (2014, pp. 19-20) notes, the fortunes of tea drastically declined during the Maoist period, but now in the age of 'reform and openness' (gaige kaifang 改革开放) it has made a remarkable recovery and been catapulted to centre stage in a renewed cultural nationalism and vibrant consumerism.”

• cites Zhang 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In 19th-century Western cities, as tea became more affordable, waterborne diseases declined, and boiling water for tea was an element in improving urban health.

“when tea became more readily accessible to the vast majority of the urban population-that is, when the price of tea began to drop so it became more affordable-the incidence of these diseases also began to decline rapidly.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In contemporary China, culture is undergoing a remarkable transformation, and urbanisation, industrialisation, globalisation, consumerism and other social and economic changes are creating conditions for the invention and reinvention of culture.

“'Culture', in this regard, in contemporary China is undergoing a remarkable transformation.The combined forces and effects of urbanisation, industrialisation, globalisation, consumerism and myriad other social and economic transformations taking place at the level of the individual, the family, the community and the nation are creating the conditions for both the 'invention' and 'reinvention' of '”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Chinese tea historians and enthusiasts viewed the Jinggu fossil discovery as settling the debate over tea's origin, and this is an example of Chinese tea nationalism.

“For Chinese tea historians and aficionados this discovery was seen to put to rest the long standing debate over where the tea plant exactly originated.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Tea has been a major element in Chinese history and in China's interactions with foreign cultures.

“Tea has played a prominent role in Chinese history and in China's relations with foreign cultures near and far.”

May combine two claims.

China entered a period of internal chaos, revolution, and war, leaving its tea industry unable to respond effectively to modernisation and commercialisation.

“At this time China also entered a period of internal chaos, revolution and war.The tea industry was, in short, not in a strong position to respond effectively to the challenges of modernisation and commercialisation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Many cultural projects in China are supported and engineered by the party and government, making culture an artefact of government that can be developed, guided, and put to social and governmental uses.

“At one end many of these cultural projects are supported and engineered by the party and government.In this sense 'culture' is an artefact of government, something that can be developed and guided and put to specific social and governmental uses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Figures such as Shennong and Kongming (Zhu Geliang) are closely associated with the discourse of civilisation, and Kongming in particular is tied to the story of tea dissemination in Yunnan.

“As we have seen figures such as Shennong and Kongming (Zhu Geliang) are closely associated with this discourse of civilisation, and Kongming in particular is tied to the story of tea dissemination in Yunnan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the 1960s in the United Kingdom and Australia, most people still consumed loose leaf tea.

“In the 1960s in places like the United Kingdom and Australia most people still consumed loose leaf tea.”

May combine two claims.

Although tea is still the most popular beverage in China, coffee has begun to make serious inroads, especially among younger college students and office workers.

“Although tea is still the most popular beverage in China, coffee has begun to make some serious inroads especially through the younger cohort of college students and office workers.”

May combine two claims.

Coffee and the coffee house are not the only challenge facing tea consumption in China; an even more serious challenge is Lipton's growing market share in the tea market itself.

“But coffee and the coffee house is not the only challenge facing the consumption of tea in China.Probably an even more serious challenge is the growing market share of Lipton's in the actual tea market itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Tea became a major part of the Chinese dynastic economy, especially once it was established as a daily necessity.

“More implicitly tea became a major part of the Chinese dynastic economy, especially once it was established as a daily necessity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Forbidden City is a World Heritage site, one of the first such sites inscribed in China after the PRC joined the United Nations in the early 1970s.

“It is a World Heritage site (one of the first such sites to be inscribed in China after the People's Republic of China joined the United Nations in the early 1970s).”

May combine two claims.

Through a relatively unknown act of industrial espionage, the British East India Company established a modern plantation-style tea industry in India, Sri Lanka, and elsewhere, ending China's monopoly on the tea trade.

“Through a relatively unknown act of industrial espionage the British East India Company established a modern plantation style tea industry in India, Sri Lanka and elsewhere, thereby bringing to an end China's monopoly on the tea trade.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Whatever tea's fortunes, it will continue to have a prominent place in an emerging cultural nationalism and may develop new daily-life practices more suited to modern living.

“Nonetheless, whatever the fortunes of tea may be, it is clear that it will continue to have a prominent place with an emerging cultural nationalism and that over time it may develop a new set of associated practices of daily life more suited to modern living.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Starbucks includes tea on its beverage list in its Chinese outlets.

“Starbucks, known worldwide for its coffee shops, now includes tea on its beverage list in its Chinese outlets.”

May combine two claims.

Lipton entered the mainland Chinese tea market in 1992 and introduced the tea bag.

“Lipton entered the mainland Chinese tea market in 1992 and it brought with it the humble 'tea bag'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Chinese dynastic state used its monopoly on the tea trade to try to control non-Han peoples on the border lands.

“Secondly, the dynastic state used its monopoly on the tea trade to attempt to control the various non-Han peoples on the border lands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the challenge from beverage companies such as Lipton, Nescafe, and Coca-Cola is huge, the Chinese tea industry is now exploring ways to revitalise Chinese tea culture.

“Although the challenge represented by beverages companies such as Lipton, Nescafe and Coca-Cola is huge, the Chinese tea industry is now exploring ways in which it can revitalise Chinese tea culture.”

May combine two claims.

Lipton has over one hundred years of research and marketing experience and, through Unilever, access to distribution channels and sales points across urban China.

“As already noted, Lipton's has at its disposal over one hundred years of research marketing experience and through its parent company, Unilever, access to distribution channels and to sales points across urban China (supermarkets, convenience stores, hotels, etc.).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rui Chenggang, a well-known TV anchorman, called for a web campaign against the outlet, saying it trampled over Chinese culture.

“Rui Chenggang, a well-known TV anchorman, called for a web campaign against the outlet that he said, 'tramples over Chinese culture ' (cited in Watts 2007).”

• cites Watts 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Chinese tea industry declined in the wake of Maoist policies focused on grain production and rubber industry development, and has since been in a state of decline.

“The Chinese tea industry, which also declined in the wake of Maoist policies that focused on grain production and the development of a rubber industry, has since been in a state of decline.”

• cites Reid 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The origins of tea lie beyond the borders of the nation-state, and tea became firmly embedded in the Chinese cultural and national imaginary only through societal and cultural development.

“Of course we have also noted that the very origins of tea itself stem well beyond the borders of the nation-state and that it was only with societal and cultural development that tea become firmly embedded in the Chinese cultural and national imaginary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The presence of Starbucks in the Forbidden City attracted heated online discussion and is often regarded as the first major instance of 'online public opinion'.

“The presence of Starbucks within this iconic site attracted the heated attention of online discussion.Indeed it is often regarded as the first major instance of 'online public opinion'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Tea also has to compete with new food and beverage fashions such as coffee.

“Tea also has to compete with the arrival of new food and beverage fashions such as coffee.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The tea bag embodies the values of modern urban consumer life: standardised, convenient, and fast.

“The tea bag personifies the 'values' of modern urban consumer life: standardised, convenient and fast.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The Starbucks/Forbidden City case raises the complex intersection of consumption practices and the manifestation of cultural values.

“The Starbucks/Forbidden City case is interesting insofar as raises the complex intersection of practices of consumption and the manifestation of 'cultural' values.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The writer Han recently launched an advertisement for Nescafe.

“Most recently the celebrated and controversial writer Han has just launched an advertisement for Nescafe.”

May combine two claims.

Since 2004, Lipton has introduced other teas, such as green tea, into the Chinese market, indicating it can adapt to local conditions to increase market share.

“Since 2004 Lipton's has also introduced other teas, such as green tea, into the Chinese market indicating that it is quite capable of adapting to local conditions in order to increase market share even further.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In response to the controversy, Starbucks soon closed the Forbidden City coffee house.

“In response to the controversy Starbucks soon closed the Forbidden City coffee house.”

May combine two claims.

Lipton benefited from being part of a large commercial organisation, enabling professional marketing campaigns, state-of-the-art market research, products developed for the Chinese market, and use of its corporate network to reach points of purchase.

“Lipton enjoyed the benefits of being part of such a large commercial organisation and was able to launch professional marketing campaigns, engage in state-of-the-art market research, develop products especially for the Chinese market, and use its corporate network to get its product right to the point of purchase.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zhou Chonglin and colleagues launched a 'Revitalise Chinese Tea' movement to attract younger Chinese, whom they believe have been seduced by foreign beverage marketing, to embrace a contemporary Chinese tea culture.

“The aforementioned scholar Zhou Chonglin and his colleagues have even launched a 'Revitalise [Chinese] Tea' (chaye fuxing 茶叶复兴) movement in which they hope to attract the younger generation of Chinese, many of whom they hold have been seduced by the slick marketing and lifestyle appeal of foreign beverage products, to embrace a contemporary Chinese tea culture”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Starbucks had approximately 500 outlets in mainland China with plans to reach 1500 by 2015.

“Starbucks has approximately 500 outlets in mainland China with plans to reach 1500 by 2015(Starbucks Newsroom 2011).”

• cites Starbucks Newsroom 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.