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Cited by 8Historical and Cultural Archaeology StudiesRace, History, and American SocietyMemory, Trauma, and Commemoration

Seeking Justice in Black Spaces: The Geography, Memory, and Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

Ike, Nkem·2024·Historical Archaeology
DOI 10.1007/s41636-024-00517-4
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Abstract

The early 20th century was a period rife with racial and anti-Black violence that impacted every corner of the United States. Recent archaeological studies have been undertaken to understand these sites of violence; however, more work needs to be done. This article, focusing on the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre and its 2021 centennial, shines a light on how survivors, descendants, and stakeholders shape these events by using memory, the landscape, and archaeology as tools to tell their own stories in the past and present.

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Research works printed but not linked: 20

  1. Agbe-Davies, Anna 2010 Archaeology as a Tool to Illuminate and Support Community Struggles in the Black Metropolis of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries. Public Archaeology 9(4):171–193.
  2. Archer, Deborah 2020 “White Men's Roads through Black Men's Homes”: Advancing Racial Equity through Highway Reconstruction. Vanderbilt Law Review 73(5):1259–1330.
  3. Collins, Stephen, and Katherine Scott Sturdevant 2008 The History and Rhetoric of the NAACP: The Origins. Black History Bulletin 71(2):12–21.
  4. Ellsworth, Scott 2021 The Breaking Ground: The Tulsa Race Massacre and an American City’s Search for Justice. Icon, London, UK.
  5. Franklin, John Hope, and John Whittington Franklin 1998 My Life and an Era: The Autobiography of Buck Colbert Franklin. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
  6. Gates, Eddie Faye 2006 Riot on Greenwood: The Total Destruction of Black Wall Street, 1921. Out on a Limb, Tulsa, OK.
  7. Goble, Danney 1997 Tulsa! Biography of the American City. Council Oak, Tulsa, OK.
  8. González-Tennant, Edward 2016 Hate Sits in Places: Folk Knowledge and the Power of Place in Rosewood, Florida. In Excavating Memory: Material Culture Approaches to Sites of Remembering and Forgetting, Maria T. Starzmann and John R. Roby, editors, pp. 218–241. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
  9. Harrison, Destinee Chanté 2017 Is the Damage already Done?: Effect on the Black Community's Psyche Caused by Viral Police Shootings. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Journalism, University of Texas–Austin, Austin. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
  10. Jarvis, Robert M. 2022 Remembering Isaiah: I. H. Spears and the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Tulsa Law Review 57(2):429–450.
  11. Johnson, Hannibal 1998 Black Wall St.: From Riot to Remembrance in Tulsa’s Historic Greenwood District. Eakin Press, Fort Worth, TX.
  12. Johnson, Hannibal 2012 Apartheid in Indian Country? Seeing Red over Black Disenfranchisement. Eakin Press, Fort Worth, TX.
  13. Jones Parrish, Mary E. 1998 Events of the Tulsa Disaster: An Eyewitness Account of the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot, revised edition. Out on a Limb, Tulsa, OK.
  14. Krugler, David 2009 A Mob in Uniform: Soldiers and Civilians in Washington’s Red Summer, 1919. Washington History 21:48–77.
  15. Lemons, Shelly Lynn 2004 Down on First Street: Prostitution in Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1900–1925. Doctoral dissertation, Department of History, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
  16. Logan, Monisha 2021 Digitally Witnessing Police Brutality: Examining the Relationship between Police Violence, Race, and Affect in the Age of Social Media. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON.
  17. McWhirter, Cameron 2012 Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. Henry Holt and Co, New York, NY.
  18. Messer, Chris, Krystal Beamon, and Patricia A. Bell 2010 The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Collective Violence and Racial Frames. Western Journal of Black Studies 37(1):50–60.
  19. Odewale, Alicia 2020 New Efforts in Restorative Justice Archaeology: Tulsa, OK. Society of Black Archaeologists Newsletter 2(1):12–13.
  20. Orejuela, Fernando, and Stephanie Shonekan (editors) 2018 Black Lives Matter and Music: Protest, Intervention, Reflection. University of Indiana Press, Bloomington.

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Authors
Ike, N.
Affiliations
Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des arbres et de la forêt (FR)
Corresponding author
Ike, Nkem
ORCID
Ike, Nkem
Venue
Historical Archaeology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-06
Volume
58
Issue
2
Pages
307-325
ISSN
  • 0440-9213 (ISSN-L)
  • 2328-1103
DOI
10.1007/s41636-024-00517-4
OpenAlex
W4401946296
Cited by
8
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2024: 2
FWCI
7.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
Historical Archaeology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
Keywords
Tulsa Race Massacre, 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, anti-Black violence, racial violence, memory, landscape archaeology, Black communities, justice, commemoration, Black space

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