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The Late and Final Middle Palaeolithic of Central Europe and Its Contributions to the Formation of the Regional Upper Palaeolithic: a Review and a Synthesis

Jöris, Olaf, Neruda, Petr, Wiśniewski, Andrzej, Weiss, Marcel·2022·Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology
DOI 10.1007/s41982-022-00126-8
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Abstract

For decades, the relationship of pre-modern hominins to anatomically modern humans (AMH) and the transition from mode 3 to mode 4 industries remain topics of ongoing scientific debate. Over the last 20 years, different disciplines have added new data and much detail to these questions, highlighting the demographic and social and cultural complexity underlaying these major changes or turnovers in human evolution. As with most other regions outside Africa, archaeologists faced long-lasting discussions whether or not the central European archaeological record is to be understood as a regional transition from the Middle Palaeolithic (MP) to the Upper Palaeolithic (UP) or if it is characterised by the replacement of Neanderthal MP techno-complexes by industries of overall UP character imported by modern humans. These debates have been re-fuelled by the discoveries of new sites, of new hominin fossil remains and by aDNA studies pinpointing towards the arrival of AMH in Europe several millennia earlier than previously thought (Slimak et al., Science Advances, 8 , eabj9496, 2022; Hajdinjak et al., Nature, 592, 253-257, 2021; Prüfer et al., Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5 , 820–825, 2021). Together with new radiometric age-estimates and detailed archaeological site studies, these developments call to recapture the present knowledge of the Late (LMP) and Final Middle Palaeolithic (FMP) of central Europe, viewed from the perspective of lithic technology and typology, raw material exploitation and land-use strategies. We will review and characterise this record as it represents the demographic and cultural substrate that AMH had met and will discuss to which degree this substrate contributed to the formation of the central European UP.

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Figures

Fig. 1 a Map of central Europe with key geographic regions, structures and features. The macro-regions within central Europe, addressed archaeologically and shown in Fig. 2, are encircled in dotted lines: NW, north-western; SW, south-western; NM, northern middle; NE, north-eastern; SE, south-eastern. Smaller karstic regions are numbered: 1, Sauerland; 2, Lower Altmühl Valley; 3, Sudetes Karst area; 4, Štramberk Karst; 5, Moravian Karst; 6, Krumlovský les region; 7, West Carpathian caves; 8, Transdanubian caves. Map created using QGIS 3.16, based on SRTM15 + data of Tozer et al. (2019). b Middle Palaeolithic (MP), Late (LMP) and Final Middle Palaeolithic (FMP) sites mentioned in the text. The small dot for Markkleeberg indicates the site's early MP age. Blue dots are added to sites that also contain FMP layers; NP, Nietoperzowa. Sites included in Fig. 2 are highlighted by their bold outlines. Plotted on top of the SRTM15 + ground map are ice shields and local gla-
Fig. 1 a Map of central Europe with key geographic regions, structures and features. The macro-regions within central Europe, addressed archaeologically and shown in Fig. 2, are encircled in dotted lines: NW, north-western; SW, south-western; NM, northern middle; NE, north-eastern; SE, south-eastern. Smaller karstic regions are numbered: 1, Sauerland; 2, Lower Altmühl Valley; 3, Sudetes Karst area; 4, Štramberk Karst; 5, Moravian Karst; 6, Krumlovský les region; 7, West Carpathian caves; 8, Transdanubian caves. Map created using QGIS 3.16, based on SRTM15 + data of Tozer et al. (2019). b Middle Palaeolithic (MP), Late (LMP) and Final Middle Palaeolithic (FMP) sites mentioned in the text. The small dot for Markkleeberg indicates the site's early MP age. Blue dots are added to sites that also contain FMP layers; NP, Nietoperzowa. Sites included in Fig. 2 are highlighted by their bold outlines. Plotted on top of the SRTM15 + ground map are ice shields and local gla-CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 2
CC-BY · From the PDF
Table 1 Major characteristics of central European techno-complexes ~ 130/125 ka until 25 ka cal BP and their relative frequencies, compiled for blank production concepts (left) and for retouched items (right)
Table 1 Major characteristics of central European techno-complexes ~ 130/125 ka until 25 ka cal BP and their relative frequencies, compiled for blank production concepts (left) and for retouched items (right)CC-BY · From the PDF
Table 1 (continued)
Table 1 (continued)CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 2 Synthetic overview over the chronostratigraphy of the Late (LMP) and Final Middle Palaeolithic (FMP) record and the Middle (MP) to Upper Palaeolithic (UP) transitional industries (TRANS) of central Europe (Eu), shown against the background of Upper Pleistocene to Holocene palaeoclimate records (Dome C: Jouzel et al., 2007; NGRIP: Rasmussen et al., 2014). OIS, oxygen isotope stages; IUP, Initial Upper Palaeolithic; MUP, Mid-Upper Palaeolithic; LUP, Late Upper Palaeolithic. Horizontal bars represent densely forested interglacial (dark green), lightly forested (boreal-type forests) interstadial (light green) and unforested interstadial (grey) periods in central Europe, referred to the Eemian and the Holocene interglacials and to Greenland interstadial numbers (GI; cf. Johnsen et al., 1992), repectively. White vertical boxes represent selected long stratigraphical sequences for each of the macro-regions shown in Fig. 1a, with archaeological horizons labelled. In addition, key-sites with sin-
Fig. 2 Synthetic overview over the chronostratigraphy of the Late (LMP) and Final Middle Palaeolithic (FMP) record and the Middle (MP) to Upper Palaeolithic (UP) transitional industries (TRANS) of central Europe (Eu), shown against the background of Upper Pleistocene to Holocene palaeoclimate records (Dome C: Jouzel et al., 2007; NGRIP: Rasmussen et al., 2014). OIS, oxygen isotope stages; IUP, Initial Upper Palaeolithic; MUP, Mid-Upper Palaeolithic; LUP, Late Upper Palaeolithic. Horizontal bars represent densely forested interglacial (dark green), lightly forested (boreal-type forests) interstadial (light green) and unforested interstadial (grey) periods in central Europe, referred to the Eemian and the Holocene interglacials and to Greenland interstadial numbers (GI; cf. Johnsen et al., 1992), repectively. White vertical boxes represent selected long stratigraphical sequences for each of the macro-regions shown in Fig. 1a, with archaeological horizons labelled. In addition, key-sites with sin-CC-BY · From the PDF
Fig. 3 Synthetical, polydimensional model to explain tool design and lithic techno-functional assemblage variability (commencing in the centre/black core of the diagram). In this model, at different levels, with different intensities, and with different levels of directness, conditions work from outer shells to inner, with external factors such as climatic and environmental conditions effecting the dispersal of human populations, as well as population size and density. Together with human cognitive abilities such external factors can have strong influences on human lives, at individual and socio-cultural aspects, as well as in all subsistence-related settings (outer grey shell). Interdependencies between these factors largely steered daily life over the course of the annual cycle (inner grey shell). Note that in this dia-
Fig. 3 Synthetical, polydimensional model to explain tool design and lithic techno-functional assemblage variability (commencing in the centre/black core of the diagram). In this model, at different levels, with different intensities, and with different levels of directness, conditions work from outer shells to inner, with external factors such as climatic and environmental conditions effecting the dispersal of human populations, as well as population size and density. Together with human cognitive abilities such external factors can have strong influences on human lives, at individual and socio-cultural aspects, as well as in all subsistence-related settings (outer grey shell). Interdependencies between these factors largely steered daily life over the course of the annual cycle (inner grey shell). Note that in this dia-CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Jöris, O., Neruda, P., Wiśniewski, A., & Weiss, M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-11-18
Volume
5
Issue
1
ISSN
2520-8217
DOI
10.1007/s41982-022-00126-8
Cited by
20
References
5
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • Narodowym Centrum Nauki (2017/25/B/HS3/00925)
  • Ministerstvo Kultury (Moravian Museum, MK000094862)
  • Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum – Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie

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