An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor
Open accessAbstract
Neanderthals are thought to have disappeared in Europe approximately 39,000-41,000 years ago but they have contributed 1-3% of the DNA of present-day people in Eurasia. Here we analyse DNA from a 37,000-42,000-year-old modern human from Peştera cu Oase, Romania. Although the specimen contains small amounts of human DNA, we use an enrichment strategy to isolate sites that are informative about its relationship to Neanderthals and present-day humans. We find that on the order of 6-9% of the genome of the Oase individual is derived from Neanderthals, more than any other modern human sequenced to date. Three chromosomal segments of Neanderthal ancestry are over 50 centimorgans in size, indicating that this individual had a Neanderthal ancestor as recently as four to six generations back. However, the Oase individual does not share more alleles with later Europeans than with East Asians, suggesting that the Oase population did not contribute substantially to later humans in Europe.
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DNA from Oase had 6-9 % Neanderthal-derived alleles, including three large segments of Neanderthal ancestry of over 50 centimorgans.
“DNA from a 37,000–42,000-year-old modern human from Romania (named Oase) had 6–9 % Neanderthal-derived alleles, including three large segments of Neanderthal ancestry of over 50 centimorgans in size”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Oase had a Neanderthal ancestor as a fourth-, fifth- or sixth-degree relative.
“suggesting that Oase had a Neanderthal ancestor as a fourth-, fifth- or sixth-degree relative [20].”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The Oase genome provides direct evidence that multiple mixture events between modern humans and Neanderthals have occurred.
“but the Oase genome provides direct evidence that multiple mixture events between modern humans and Neanderthals have occurred.”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
The Oase population appears not to have contributed substantially to later humans in Europe.
“The Oase population appears not to have contributed substantially to later humans in Europe”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Hybrids of modern and archaic humans must have survived in their communities.
“hybrids of modern and archaic humans must have survived in their communities125”
From A catalog of single nucleotide changes distinguishing modern humans from archaic hominins (2019) · cites this paper as [125]
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- Authors
- Fu, Q., Hajdinjak, M., Moldovan, O. T., Constantin, S., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Lazaridis, I., Nickel, B., Viola, B., Prüfer, K., Meyer, M., Kelso, J., Reich, D., & Pääbo, S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology (RO)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- Pääbo, Svante
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-06-22
- Volume
- 524
- Issue
- 7564
- Pages
- 216-219
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4537386
- OpenAlex
- W1437671111
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 341.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01GM100233)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Neanderthal admixture, early modern humans, Neanderthal ancestry, Neanderthal DNA
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Asia, Eastern, Fossils, Humans, Hybridization, Genetic, Indians, North American, Male, Phylogeny, Romania, Time Factors, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, White People, Asian People, Neanderthals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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