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Cited by 95Biosensors and Analytical DetectionSARS-CoV-2 detection and testingSalivary Gland Disorders and Functions

A Review on Saliva-Based Health Diagnostics: Biomarker Selection and Future Directions

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Kumari, Swati, Samara, Mesk, Ampadi Ramachandran, Remya, Gosh, Sujoy, George, Haritha, Wang, Rong, Pesavento, Russell P., Mathew, Mathew T.·2024·Biomedical Materials & Devices
DOI 10.1007/s44174-023-00090-zPMC PMC10243891
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Abstract

The human body has a unique way of saying when something is wrong with it. The molecules in the body fluids can be helpful in the early detection of diseases by enabling health and preventing disease progression. These biomarkers enabling better healthcare are becoming an extensive area of research interest. Biosensors that detect these biomarkers are becoming the future, especially Point Of Care (POC) biosensors that remove the need to be physically present in the hospital. Detection of complex and systemic diseases using biosensors has a long way to go. Saliva-based biosensors are gaining attention among body fluids due to their non-invasive collection and ability to detect periodontal disease and identify systemic diseases. The possibility of saliva-based diagnostic biosensors has gained much publicity, with companies sending home kits for ancestry prediction. Saliva-based testing for covid 19 has revealed effective clinical use and relevance of the economic collection. Based on universal biomarkers, the detection of systemic diseases is a booming research arena. Lots of research on saliva-based biosensors is available, but it still poses challenges and limitations as POC devices. This review paper talks about the relevance of saliva and its usefulness as a biosensor. Also, it has recommendations that need to be considered to enable it as a possible diagnostic tool. Graphical abstract

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  • Buffer systems, artificial saliva, and selected saliva/serum samples show that PDA-based biosensing platforms can achieve improved biomolecule immobilization, signal transduction, fluorescence/electrochemical/SERS detection, and salivary biomarker analysis.

    “Buffer systems, artificial saliva, and selected saliva/serum samples show improved biomolecule immobilization, signal transduction, fluorescence/electrochemical/SERS detection, and salivary biomarker analysis.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [94]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Based on these measurements, the time required for the local pH to reach the critical threshold of 5.5 can be estimated, providing quantitative support for individualized caries risk assessment and personalized fluoride intervention strategies.

    “Based on these measurements, the time required for the local pH to reach the critical threshold of 5.5 can be estimated, thereby providing quantitative support for individualized caries risk assessment and personalized fluoride intervention strategies.44,93,94”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [94]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Urease and glucose oxidase co-immobilized on the sensing interface allow simultaneous acquisition of urea hydrolysis rates and lactic acid production rates by differential potentiometry.

    “In parallel, urease and glucose oxidase are co-immobilized on the sensing interface, allowing simultaneous acquisition of urea hydrolysis rates and lactic acid production rates by differential potentiometry.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [94]

    The “Urea as Biomarker” section discusses salivary urea and possible optical or electrochemical biosensors, while the References list separately cites a biosensor for salivary lactate. Neither passage addresses co-immobilized urease and glucose oxidase, simultaneous measurement of the two rates, or differential potentiometry (searched those terms and a lactate-sensor paraphrase; page numbers were unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • When integrated with disposable microfluidic chambers, the PDA-modified screen-printed carbon electrode platform enables on-site quantification of bacterial load.

    “When integrated with disposable microfluidic chambers, this platform enables on-site quantification of bacterial load.”

    From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [94]

    The Biosensor Selections section describes a disposable saliva test strip and a separate paper-based device for glucose quantification, but not a PDA-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for bacterial-load measurement. Searches for the electrode, disposable microfluidic chambers, and on-site bacterial-load quantification found no passage addressing that combination. The retrieved copy provides section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.73)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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References 97 · Cited by 95

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Authors
Kumari, S., Samara, M., Ampadi Ramachandran, R., Gosh, S., George, H., Wang, R., Pesavento, R. P., & Mathew, M. T.
Affiliations
  • University of Illinois Chicago (US)
  • Illinois Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Mathew, Mathew T.
ORCID
Venue
Biomedical Materials & Devices
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-06-06
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
121-138
ISSN
  • 2731-4812 (ISSN-L)
  • 2731-4820
DOI
10.1007/s44174-023-00090-z
PMC
PMC10243891
OpenAlex
W4380854633
Cited by
95
References
97
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 1
FWCI
2.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biomedical Materials & Devices (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
NIH (R01 DE031832)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
Keywords
salivary biomarkers, point-of-care testing, non-invasive diagnosis, periodontal diagnosis, systemic disease detection, ancestry inference, early diagnosis

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