The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A new method for indexing left ventricular mass for differences in body size
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) mass is determined to a large extent by body size. This has created controversy regarding the optimal method of defining normal values in the clinical setting. Previous groups have advocated indexing LV mass for body surface area, lean body mass, or height, which is an obesity-independent measure of body size. This study describes a new approach that involves dividing LV mass by height raised to a noninteger power. In a sample of 387 men and 714 women who were between 20 and 45 years of age and who were free of cardiovascular disease, the height exponent was determined by logarithmic regression models to be 2.12 in men and 1.91 in women; in a pooled analysis, the height exponent was 1.97. This approach reduced male versus female differences in the mean and 95th percentile values for LV mass; mean value differences who reduced from 52% among raw values to 29% among adjusted values. Compared with height or body surface area indexation, it was found to slightly increase the correlation between LV mass and systolic blood pressure. In contrast, body surface area indexation reduced the association between LV mass and obesity. The current method of indexation is independent of obesity, reduces LV mass variability associated with body size and gender, and may therefore be a useful method for defining normal and abnormal values of LV mass in the clinical setting. The findings of this study also suggest that indexation of LV mass for body surface area is inappropriate.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, in the setting of significant obesity, LV weight/BSA is often normal or lower than normal because BSA increases more than LV weight (72, 73, 197).”
From Cardiac remodeling in obesity (2008) · cites this paper as [197]
Citations
Cites
Sahn, D. J., DeMaria, A. N., KISSLO, J. A., & Weyman, A. E. (1978) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.58.6.1072 · Cited by 7,430
Levy, D., Garrison, R. J., Savage, D. D., Kannel, W. B., & Castelli, W. P. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199005313222203 · Cited by 5,699
Self-citationA formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. 1916.
Bois, D. D., & Bois, E. F. D. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 5,303
Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method.
Devereux, R. B., & Reichek, N. (1977) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.55.4.613 · Cited by 4,499
Bois, D. D. (1916) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1916.00080130010002 · Cited by 4,355
Koren, M. J., Devereux, R. B., Casale, P. N., Savage, D. D., & Laragh, J. H. (1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-5-345 · Cited by 2,366
Epidemiological approaches to heart disease: the Framingham study
Dawber, T. R., Meadors, G. F., & Moore, F. E. (1951) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.41.3.279 · Cited by 2,148
SIMONE, G. D., Daniels, S. R., Devereux, R. B., Meyer, R. A., Roman, M. J., DIVITIIS, O. D., & Alderman, M. H. (1992) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(92)90385-z · Cited by 1,727
AN INVESTIGATION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN FAMILIES
Kannel, W. B., Feinleib, M., McNAMARA, P. M., Garrison, R. J., & Castelli, W. P. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112813 · Cited by 1,639
McMahon, T. A. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.179.4079.1201 · Cited by 1,175
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- SAS Institute Inc., 1989, Vol. 2, 1351
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–142 of 142
Baur, L. H. B., Lenderink, T., der Bolt, C. L.-V., Veenstra, L. F., Winkens, R. A. G., & (On behalf of the working group on easy access echocardiography in Parkstad) (2005) · International journal of cardiac imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-005-6915-z · Cited by 9
Leibowitz, D. W., Planer, D., Ivgi, F. B., Weiss, A. T., & Bursztyn, M. (2005) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050410004792 · Cited by 9
Bakris, G. L., Tarka, E. A., Waterhouse, B. R., Goulding, M. R., Madan, A., & Anderson, K. M. (2006) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.002 · Cited by 9
Self-citationScreening for ventricular remodeling
Lee, D. S., Wang, T. J., & Vasan, R. S. (2006) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-006-0025-7 · Cited by 8
Variability, Uncertainty, and Sensitivity Analysis
(2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118140291.ch8 · Cited by 8
Calamelli, S., Noto, S., Baldoni, A., Casarin, A., Calzavara, A., Bolgan, I., Coccato, S., Saccà, S., Laurino, L., Azzarello, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.13217 · Cited by 7
Association of an impaired GH-IGF-I axis with cardiac wasting in patients with advanced cancer
Fröhlich, A., Porthun, J., Talha, K. M., Lena, A., Hadzibegovic, S., Wilkenshoff, U. M., Sonntag, F., Nikolski, A., Ramer, L. V., Zeller, T., et al. (2024) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-024-02400-x · Cited by 7
The Dutch experience of open access echocardiography
der Bolt, C. L.-V., Baur, L. H. B., Lenderink, T., Guldemond, F. I., Nijhof, J., Winkens, R. A. G., Hundscheid, M., & Stoffers, J. (2007) · Netherlands Heart Journal · doi:10.1007/bf03086012 · Cited by 7
Left Ventricular Mass and Stroke
Devereux, R. B. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520010083038 · Cited by 7
Left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular prognosis
Lauer, M. S. (1995) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.62.3.169 · Cited by 7
Self-citationDiamond, J. A., & Phillips, R. A. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-0258-5.50114-9 · Cited by 7
Hu, X., Lin, Z., Li, Y., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., Xu, H., Sun, H. Q., Sun, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Thoracic Imaging · doi:10.1097/rti.0000000000000730 · Cited by 6
Fuentes, L. D. L., Spence, K. E., Dávila‐Román, V. G., & Waggoner, A. D. (2010) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.08.014 · Cited by 6
Park, S., Ro, Y. M., Ahn, J. C., Lim, D., Park, C. G., Kim, Y., Seo, H. S., Shim, W. J., & Oh, D. J. (2004) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2004.34.8.775 · Cited by 6
Jeng, J.-R. (2002) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02259-8 · Cited by 6
Cuspidi, C., Macca, G., Sampieri, L., Michev, I., Fusi, V., Salerno, M., Severgnini, B., Corti, C., Magrini, F., & Zanchetti, A. (2001) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001242 · Cited by 6
Cristin, L., Tastet, L. L., Jhawar, R., Rich, A. H., Tang, J. J., Bibby, D., Fang, Q., Arya, F., & Delling, F. N. (2025) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2025.08.026 · Cited by 5
Can insulin action induce myocardial texture alterations in essential hypertension?
Bello, V. D. (1999) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00227-1 · Cited by 5
Sheikhsaraf, B., Nikbakht, H. A., & Ali, A. M. (2010) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.70252/fllp4773 · Cited by 5
Broken retrieval string leads to failed self-removal of a double-J ureteral stent.
van Diepen, S., & Grantmyre, J. E. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Nadruz, W., & Franchini, K. G. (2001) · Revista Brasileira de Hipertensão · Cited by 3
Seng, M. C., Shen, X., Wang, K., Chong, D. T., Fam, J. M., Hamid, N. B., Amanullah, M. R., Yeo, K. K., Ewe, S. H., Chua, T. S. J., et al. (2018) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-18-0134 · Cited by 3
Left Ventricular Mass, Sex and Body Size: Rectifying the Methods
Chirinos, J. A. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21778 · Cited by 3
Krysztofiak, H., Młyńczak, M., Małek, Ł., Folga, A., & Braksator, W. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236632 · Cited by 3
Park, J. H., Ro, Y. M., Suh, S. Y., Kim, Y. H., Na, J. O., Shin, S., Park, M. Y., Park, J. S., Kim, S. H., Kim, J. W., et al. (2003) · Journal of the Korean Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.4250/jkse.2003.11.2.94 · Cited by 2
Meta-Analysis of Optimal Allometric Exponent for Indexing of Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass
Sahlén, A., Ewe, S. H., & Ding, Z. P. (2019) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2019.10.006 · Cited by 2
Hypertension and Valvular Heart Disease
Lee, D. S., & Vasan, R. S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3754-5.50025-1 · Cited by 2
Nevill, A. M. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.1995.tb00683.x · Cited by 2
Cardiovascular complications of obesity and weight loss: pathogenesis and clinical recognition
Poirier, P. (2006) · Hot Topics in Cardiology · doi:10.4147/htc-060200 · Cited by 1
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Pulmonary Hypertension
Badlam, J. B. (2024) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52696-1_13 · Cited by 1
Impact of Sporting Disciplines and Body Size on the Athlete’s Heart
Finocchiaro, G., & George, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35374-2_4 · Cited by 1
New Approaches to Clinical Evaluations
Li, J. K. ‐. (2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-034-6_7 · Cited by 1
Sensibilidade gustativa e consumo de sal em indivíduos hipertensos
Piovesana, P. D. M. (2011) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2011.805362
Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Pulmonary Hypertension
Hemnes, A. R., & Robbins, I. M. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-053-3_9
DETERMINATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN
People, N. A. (2001)
Obesity and Cardiac Dysfunction
Sweeney, G., Litwin, S. E., & Abel, E. D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1607-5_14
Nadra, M. (2009) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS FOR LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN NORMAL IRAQI SUBJECTS
Al-Kadi, R. G. W. (2010) · Journal of Al-Nahrain University-Science · doi:10.22401/jnus.13.3.14
Ultrasound and Morbidly Obese Patient
Vittorio, P., Poli, C., & Cipani, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99891-6_52
UNCERTAINTY AND POPULATION VARIABILITY
Peters, S. A. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119497813.ch9
(2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70585-4.50020-6
Allometric Indexing of Left Ventricular Mass in Echocardiography: Differences Between Men and Women
Sahlén, A., Teo, M.-T., Hamid, N. B., Huang, W., Agpaoa, A. D. R., Ruan, W., Ewe, S. H., Yeo, K. K., & Ding, Z. P. (2023) · Journal of Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology · doi:10.15420/japsc.2021.30
Metadata
- Authors
- Lauer, M. S., Anderson, K. M., Larson, M. G., & Levy, D.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Daniel
- Venue
- The American Journal of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-09
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 487-491
- ISSN
- 0002-9149 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1970355774
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- left ventricular mass, body size normalization, lean body mass, obesity, sex differences, systolic blood pressure, reference values, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Height, Body Surface Area, Female, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Ultrasonography, Body Mass Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
