The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Circumscription—A form of non-monotonic reasoning
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It turned out to be too dif fi cult to specify all the relevant rules for a given situation (McCarthy 1980), and the legal domain was no exception (Leith 2016).”
From Human Judgment in algorithmic loops: Individual justice and automated decision‐making (2022) · cites this paper as McCarthy 1980
In the citing paper
“However, legal expert systems, like expert systems in general, did not transpire to be as effective as hoped.”
From Human Judgment in algorithmic loops: Individual justice and automated decision‐making (2022) · cites this paper as McCarthy 1980
Citations
Cites
Reiter, R. (1980) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90014-4 · Cited by 3,926
Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence
McCarthy, J., & Hayes, P. J. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50033-7 · Cited by 3,296
Self-citationMcDermott, D., & Doyle, J. (1980) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90012-0 · Cited by 912
McCarthy, J. (1960) · Cited by 799
Self-citationEPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
McCarthy, J. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50035-0 · Cited by 327
Self-citationHewitt, C. E. (1972) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 316
On Representations of Problems of Reasoning about Actions
Amarel, S. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50006-4 · Cited by 264
Ascribing Mental Qualities to MachinesPreprint
McCarthy, J. (1979) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 239
Self-citationPhilosophical Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence
Ringle (1980) · Cited by 202
First Order Theories of Individual Concepts and Propositions.Preprint
McCarthy, J. (1979) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 180
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Knowledge representation: Features of knowledge
Delgrande, J. P., & Mylopoulos, J. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0022679 · Cited by 17
Donini, F. M., Maurizio Lenzerini, B., Nardi, D., Pirri, F., & Schaerf, M. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/bf00140676 · Cited by 17
APPLYING THEORY FORMATION TO THE PLANNING PROBLEM
Goebel, R. G., & Goodwin, S. D. (1987) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-32-3.50019-8 · Cited by 17
Hierarchic Autoepistemic Theories for Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Preliminary Report
Konolige, K. (1990) · Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1641-1_13 · Cited by 17
A probabilistic commonsense reasoner
Neufeld, E. M. (1990) · International Journal of Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/int.4550050508 · Cited by 17
Semantics of logic programs with explicit negation
Alferes, J. J. (1993) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 17
Fernando, J. (2014) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT · doi:10.5897/ajbm2013.7274x · Cited by 16
Automated argument adjudication to solve ethical problems in multi-agent environments
Bringsjord, S., Govindarajulu, N. S., & Giancola, M. (2021) · Paladyn Journal of Behavioral Robotics · doi:10.1515/pjbr-2021-0009 · Cited by 16
Decomposing Generalization: Models of Generic, Habitual, and Episodic Statements
Govindarajan, V. S., Durme, B. V., & White, A. S. (2019) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00285 · Cited by 16
Towards a Model of Learning through Communication
Obeid, N. (2000) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/pl00011655 · Cited by 16
Kowalski, R. (2014) · Handbook of the history of logic · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-51624-4.50012-5 · Cited by 16
Artificial intelligence: Cannibal or missionary?
Boden, M. A. (1987) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/bf01905886 · Cited by 16
Sánchez, D. M., Cavero, J. M., & Marcos, E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-37022-4_1 · Cited by 16
Belief Revision in Non-Monotonic Reasoning and Logic Programming
Alferes, J. J., Pereira, L. M., & Przymusiński, T. C. (1996) · Fundamenta Informaticae · doi:10.3233/fi-1996-281201 · Cited by 16
Theorem Proving Techniques for View Deletion in Databases
Aravindan, C., & Baumgartner, P. (2000) · Journal of Symbolic Computation · doi:10.1006/jsco.1999.0358 · Cited by 16
Suchenek, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Automated Reasoning · doi:10.1007/bf00881837 · Cited by 16
On-line algorithms for satisfiability problems with uncertainty
Giorgio Ausiello, A., & Giaccio, R. (1997) · Theoretical Computer Science · doi:10.1016/s0304-3975(96)00123-5 · Cited by 16
Minimalism, justification and non-monotonicity in deductive databases
Bidoít, N., & Hull, R. B. (1989) · Journal of Computer and System Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-0000(89)90004-4 · Cited by 16
Part 4 Technology and the future of GIS and spatial analysis
Frank, A. U. (2000) · Journal of Geographical Systems · doi:10.1007/s101090050036 · Cited by 16
Causality and the qualification problem
Thielscher, M. (1996) · Cited by 16
High-level Petri net model of logic program with negation
Li, L. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/69.334863 · Cited by 16
Nute, D. E., & Erk, K. (1998) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/s0167-9236(97)00063-8 · Cited by 16
Situation calculus on a dense flow of time
Fusaoka, A. (1996) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 16
Deduction as an example of thinking
Baron, J. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030302 · Cited by 15
A History of The Consequence Relations
Asmus, C., & Restall, G. (2012) · Handbook of the history of logic · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52937-4.50001-0 · Cited by 15
Generality in artificial intelligence
(2014) · Resonance · doi:10.1007/s12045-014-0032-z · Cited by 15
From Alan Turing to modern AI: practical solutions and an implicit epistemic stance
Luger, G. F., & Chakrabarti, C. (2016) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-016-0646-7 · Cited by 18
Tolerant reasoning: nontransitive or nonmonotonic?
Cobreros, P., Égré, P., Ripley, D., & van Rooij, R. (2017) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-017-1584-8 · Cited by 15
On rational entailment for Propositional Typicality Logic
Booth, R., Casini, G., Meyer, T. A., & Varzinczak, I. J. ́. (2019) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2019.103178 · Cited by 15
Rectifying the Mischaracterization of Logic by Mental Model Theorists
Bringsjord, S., & Govindarajulu, N. S. (2020) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12898 · Cited by 15
An Argumentation Framework for BDI Agents
Berariu, T. (2013) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01571-2_40 · Cited by 15
Extending Prior Research with Design Science Research: Two Patterns for DSRIS Project Generation
Kuechler, B., & Vaishnavi, V. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20633-7_12 · Cited by 15
Paraconsistent reasoning and preferential entailments by signed quantified Boolean formulae
Arieli, O. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Computational Logic · doi:10.1145/1243996.1244001 · Cited by 15
Reasoning about Action: An Argumentation - Theoretic Approach
Vo, Q. B., & Foo, N. (2005) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1602 · Cited by 15
Dynamics of inductive inference in a unified framework
Gilboa, I., Samuelson, L., & Schmeidler, D. (2013) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/j.jet.2012.11.004 · Cited by 15
Liu, F. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1344-4_2 · Cited by 15
Stable Model Semantics for Tuple-Generating Dependencies Revisited
Alviano, M., Morak, M., & Pieris, A. (2017) · ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems (PODS) · doi:10.1145/3034786.3034794 · Cited by 15
A Case for Paraconsistent Logic as Foundation of Future Information Systems.
Decker, H. (2005) · Cited by 15
Tweety - still flying some remarks on abnormal birds, applicable rules and a default prover
Brewka, G. (1986) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 15
An incremental algorithm for generating all minimal models
Zohary, R. B.-E. –. (2005) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2005.06.003 · Cited by 15
Alternative foundations for Reiter's default logic
Linke, T., & Schaub, T. H. (2000) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(00)00060-6 · Cited by 15
Yang, K. H., Olson, D. L., & Kim, J. (2004) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2004.05.012 · Cited by 15
Perlis, D. R. (1988) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(88)90003-3 · Cited by 15
On decision-theoretic foundations for defaults
Brafman, R. I., & Friedman, N. (2001) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00140-0 · Cited by 15
LIFE ON A DESERT ISLAND: ONGOING WORK ON REAL-TIME REASONING
Elgot-Drapkin, J. J., Miller, M., & Perlis, D. R. (1987) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-32-3.50027-7 · Cited by 15
An Integrated Framework for Learning and Reasoning
Giraud-Carrier, C. G., & Martinez, T. R. (1995) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.93 · Cited by 15
Nonmonotonic reasoning by monotonic inferences with priority constraints
Wang, X., You, J.-H., & Yuan, L. Y. (1997) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/bfb0023803 · Cited by 15
A formal model for heuristic search
Stilman, B. (1994) · doi:10.1145/197530.197658 · Cited by 15
Encoding Knowledge of Commonsense Psychology
Hobbs, J. R., & Gordon, A. S. (2005) · doi:10.21236/ada459158 · Cited by 15
Defeasible Logic and The Frame Problem
Nute, D. E. (1990) · Studies in cognitive systems · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0553-5_1 · Cited by 15
Generalized bottom-up query evaluation
Brass, S., & Lipeck, U. W. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0032425 · Cited by 15
Query answering in circumscriptive and closed-world theories
Przymusiński, T. C. (1986) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 15
Logic programming for deliberative robotic task planning
Meli, D., Nakawala, H., & Fiorini, P. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-022-10389-w · Cited by 18
The Ontology Design of Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on CIDOC CRM
Hu, J., Ying-chun, L., & Zhang, M. (2014) · International Journal of u- and e- Service Science and Technology · doi:10.14257/ijunesst.2014.7.1.24 · Cited by 14
The ambiguous proposal evaluation problem
Asadabadi, M. R., & Zwikael, O. (2020) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2020.113359 · Cited by 14
Modeling and Reasoning in Event Calculus using Goal-Directed Constraint Answer Set Programming
Arias, J., Carro, M., Chen, Z., & Gupta, G. (2021) · Theory and Practice of Logic Programming · doi:10.1017/s1471068421000156 · Cited by 19
Toward Efficient Default Reasoning
Etherington, D. W., & Crawford, J. M. (1999) · Artificial intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60211-5_11 · Cited by 14
Nonmonotonicity and human probabilistic reasoning
Pfeifer, N., & Kleiter, G. D. (2003) · Cited by 14
Semantic-based construction of arguments: An answer set programming approach
Guerrero, E., Nieves, J. C., & Lindgren, H. (2015) · International Journal of Approximate Reasoning · doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2015.06.009 · Cited by 14
Brandano, S. (2002) · International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning · doi:10.1109/time.2001.930691 · Cited by 14
On John McCarthy's 80th Birthday, in Honor of His Contributions
Hayes, P. J., & Morgenstern, L. (2007) · doi:10.1609/aimag.v28i4.2063 · Cited by 14
Pattern Mining as Abduction from Snapshots to Spatio-temporal Patterns
Hazarika, S. M. (2007) · International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM) · doi:10.1109/adcom.2007.59 · Cited by 14
Davies, J. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8847-5_9 · Cited by 14
The logical response to a noisy world
Stenning, K., & van Lambalgen, M. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233298.003.0005 · Cited by 14
Modeling the Beliefs of other Agents
Thomason, R. H. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1567-8_17 · Cited by 14
Partial Functions and Equality in Answer Set Programming
Cabalar, P. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89982-2_36 · Cited by 14
Some Views on Information Fusion and Logic Based Approaches in Decision Making under Uncertainty
Ruan, D., Liu, J., Martínez, L. M., & Xu, Y. (2020) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · doi:10.3217/jucs-016-01-0003 · Cited by 14
Probabilistic Inference and Non-Monotonic Inference
Kyburg, H. E. (1990) · Machine intelligence and pattern recognition · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-88650-7.50029-9 · Cited by 14
Exploiting focal points among alternative solutions: Two approaches
Kraus, S., Rosenschein, J. S., & Fenster, M. (2000) · Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1023/a:1018908306970 · Cited by 14
Nonmonotonic reasoning, nonmonotonic logics and reasoning about change
Bell, J. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/bf00133188 · Cited by 14
Reasoning About Indefinite Actions.
McCarty, L. T., & van der Meyden, R. (1992) · Cited by 14
Semantics and expressiveness of disjunctive ordered logic
Buccafurri, F., Leone, N., & Rullo, P. (1999) · Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1023/a:1018986207453 · Cited by 14
Ginsberg, M. L. (1987) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-30-9.50012-3 · Cited by 14
On the relationship between CWA, minimal model, and minimal herbrand model semantics
Gelfond, M., Przymusinska, H., & Przymusiński, T. C. (1990) · International Journal of Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/int.4550050507 · Cited by 14
A knowledge representation framework based on autoepistemic logic of minimal beliefs
Przymusiński, T. C. (1994) · Cited by 14
Recursively indefinite databases
van der Meyden, R. (1993) · Theoretical Computer Science · doi:10.1016/0304-3975(93)90223-g · Cited by 14
Gruber, T. (2016) · Encyclopedia of Database Systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7993-3_1318-2 · Cited by 14
Challenging Issues of Ambient Activity Recognition for Cognitive Assistance
Roy, P. C., Bouchard, B., Bouzouane, A., & Giroux, S. (2011) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-61692-857-5.ch017 · Cited by 13
Modular-E and the role of elaboration tolerance in solving the qualification problem
Kakas, A. C., Michael, L., & Miller, R. (2010) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2010.04.008 · Cited by 13
Adventure Games: A Challenge for Cognitive Robotics
Eyal Amir, A., & Doyle, P. (2002) · Cited by 13
A review of basic research tools without the confusing philosophy
Madden, A. D. (2021) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2021.1920895 · Cited by 18
van Benthem, J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044451541-4/50006-3 · Cited by 13
Shinren: Non-monotonic Trust Management for Distributed Systems
Dong, C., & Naranker Dulay, A. (2010) · IFIP International Federation for Information Processing/IFIP · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13446-3_9 · Cited by 13
Ambient Activity Recognition in Smart Environments for Cognitive Assistance
Roy, P. C., Bouchard, B., Bouzouane, A., & Giroux, S. (2013) · International Journal of Robotics Applications and Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijrat.2013010103 · Cited by 15
Dynamics of Inductive Inference in a Unified Framework
Gilboa, I., Samuelson, L., & Schmeidler, D. (2015) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198738022.003.0004 · Cited by 13
Giovanni Sartor, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9452-0_12 · Cited by 13
Implicit and Explicit Stances in Logic
van Benthem, J. (2018) · Journal of Philosophical Logic · doi:10.1007/s10992-018-9485-y · Cited by 13
Simplifying Diagnosis Using LSAT: A Propositional Approach to Reasoning from First Principles
Bauer, A. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11493853_6 · Cited by 13
Towards the Use of Automated Reasoning in Discourse Disambiguation
Gardent, C., & Webber, B. (2001) · Journal of Logic Language and Information · doi:10.1023/a:1017916706972 · Cited by 13
Design as interactions of problem framing and problem solving
Džbor, M., & Zdráhal, Z. (2002) · Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) · Cited by 13
Outlier Detection Using Default Logic.
Angiulli, F., Ben-Eliyahu-Zohary, R., & Palopoli, L. (2003) · Archive of Doctoral Theses and Digital Collections (University of Calabria) · Cited by 12
LISP - notes on its past and future
McCarthy, J. (1980) · ACM Conference on LISP and Functional Programming (LFP) · doi:10.1145/800087.802782 · Cited by 13
Self-citationOn Deciding MUS Membership with QBF
Janota, M., & Marques-Silva, J. P. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23786-7_32 · Cited by 13
Fixed-parameter algorithms for finding minimal models
Lackner, M., & Pfandler, A. (2012) · Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning · Cited by 13
General Requirements of a Hybrid-Modeling Framework for Cyber Security
Oltramari, A., Ben‐Asher, N., Cranor, L. F., Bauer, L., & Christin, N. (2014) · IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM) · doi:10.1109/milcom.2014.28 · Cited by 13
Query answering under the Any-World Assumption for normal logic programs
Straccia, U. (2006) · Cited by 13
Logic and Databases: A Deductive Approach
Gallaire, H., Minker, J., & NICOLAS, J.-M. (1989) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-53-8.50020-0 · Cited by 13
Treatment of Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
(1989) · American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics eBooks · doi:10.2514/5.9781600865893.0233.0247 · Cited by 13
Non-monotonic compatibility relations in the theory of evidence
Yager, R. R. (1988) · International Journal of Man-Machine Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(88)80010-5 · Cited by 13
Shift of Bias as Non-Monotonic Reasoning
Grosof, B. N., & Russell, S. (1990) · Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1641-1_3 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- McCarthy, J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, John
- ORCID
- McCarthy, John
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1980-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 27-39
- ISSN
- 0004-3702 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2945259913
- Cited by
- 2,017
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 10.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation
- Keywords
- circumscription, nonmonotonic reasoning, default reasoning, closed world assumption
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review