The influence of medium components on Cu2+-dependent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and its sensitivity to superoxide dismutase
Abstract
The extent of in vitro Cu(2+)-dependent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) has been reported to vary widely depending upon reaction conditions. In this study, the effect of proteins and amino acids on Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation was examined. Treatment of LDL with 5 microM CuSO4 for 18 h in either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Ham's F-10 medium resulted in extensive oxidation as determined by the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and by increased lipoprotein electronegativity. In PBS, oxidation was entirely blocked by histidine and the tripeptide, gly-his-lys (GHK). Oxidation was also prevented by bovine serum albumin, but superoxide dismutase (SOD) provided only 20% protection. Both proteins bound similar amounts of Cu2+, but albumin appeared to be a more effective peroxyl radical trap as evidenced by its ability to prevent LDL oxidation induced by 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride). In F-10 medium, SOD had marked inhibitory effects, in contrast to PBS. The addition of disulfides to PBS markedly enhanced the ability of SOD to inhibit oxidation. These results indicate that medium components which affect Cu2+ availability influence LDL oxidation and suggest that albumin is ideally suited as a plasma antioxidant to prevent oxidative modification of LDL. Furthermore, in certain instances, the inhibitory effects of SOD may be attributable to effects such as Cu2+ binding rather than dismutation of superoxide.
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GHK and histidine entirely blocked the in vitro Cu(2+)-dependent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
“GHK and histidine “entirely blocked” (quoted from the article) the in vitro Cu(2+)-dependent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL).”
From The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline (2017) · cites this paper as [63]
SOD1 provided only 20% reduction of oxidation in that assay.
“In comparison, superoxide dismutase (SOD1) provided only 20% reduction of oxidation [63].”
From The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline (2017) · cites this paper as [63]
GHK completely blocked Cu(2+)-dependent oxidation of low density lipoproteins, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gave only 20% protection.
“GHK was shown to completely block Cu(2+)-dependent oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL). Another well-known anti-oxidant, which is also widely used in skin care, superoxide dismutase (SOD1), gave only 20% protection [32].”
From Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
GHK prevented oxidation of low-density lipoproteins induced by copper ions and was more effective than superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which blocked only 20% of oxidation.
“GHK prevented oxidation of low-density lipoproteins induced by copper ions and was more effective than superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which blocked only 20% of oxidation [41].”
From Skin Regenerative and Anti-Cancer Actions of Copper Peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
GHK possesses antioxidant activities in cell culture and in vivo.
“GHK also possesses antioxidant activities in cell culture and in vivo.”
From GHK and DNA: Resetting the human genome to health (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
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Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., & Margolina, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_162 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Development of Organ Culture Medium for Long Term Culture of Human Hair Follicle
Yoo, B.-Y., Yoon, H., Shin, Y.-H., Seo, Y., Lee, D., Song, K., Hwang, S., & Park, J. (2006) · Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Detecting LDL-oxidation process using Langmuir monolayer technique
Khattari, Z. Y. (2015) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2014.12.039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cellular Effects of Lipoic Acid and Its Role in Aging
Moreau, R. F., Zhang, W., & Hagen, T. M. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203904046.ch24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dhaliwal, B. S. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0089056
Anastassakis, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_22
Hypothesis of the mechanism of action of acupuncture through GHK-Cu
Ripoll, J. P. M., & Cointry, G. R. (2024) · International Journal of Health Science · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1594202415026
- Authors
- Thomas, C. E.
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, Craig E.
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1992-09
- Volume
- 1128
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-57
- ISSN
- 0005-2760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2031221948
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms
- Keywords
- LDL oxidation, superoxide dismutase, bovine serum albumin, histidine, disulfides, copper binding, plasma antioxidants, lipid peroxidation
- MeSH terms
- Copper, Cystine, Dithiothreitol, Glutathione, Humans, Kinetics, Lipoproteins, LDL, Oxidation-Reduction, Protein Binding, Reference Values, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Superoxide Dismutase, Vitamin E, Glutathione Disulfide
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