Cited by 2,555Multi-Criteria Decision MakingFuzzy and Soft Set TheoryRough Sets and Fuzzy Logic

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The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning—II

Zadeh, L.A.·1975·Information Sciences

DOI 10.1016/0020-0255(75)90046-8

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Background
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“The majority of researchers have on the use of language ambiguity in group decision-making processes [15, 16].”
Retracted
Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Newton’s Fuzzy Potential in an Algorithm of Classification Objects of a Conceptual Space
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“Fuzzy logic is an approach for knowledge representation and symbolic inference, computation, and reason-ISSN ing based on human-like linguistic expressions with degrees of truth [7].”
Retracted
Difference of Fuzzy Homogeneous Classes of Objects
Terletskyi, D. O., & Yershov, S. (2021) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Education, Research, and Industrial Applications · doi:10.55056/ceur-ws.org/vol-3013/20210024.pdf
“Therefore a crisp class-based object-oriented model was extended using notions of fuzzy sets and linguistic variables, which were introduced by Zade in [8, 9, 10, 11].”
Method
Non Classical Structures and Linear Codes
Tsafack, S. A. (2021) · Coding Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title] · doi:10.5772/intechopen.97471
Semi-Automatic Generation of a Fuzzy Inference System in a Reshoring Context
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“The membership functions, on the other hand, represent something called linguistic labels [10], in this paper indicating the propensity of a reshoring decision criterion, such as quality, to impact on the final reshoring decision.”
BackgroundInfluential
New definitions (measures) of skewness, mean and dispersion of fuzzy numbers -- by way of a new representation as parameterized curves
Schneider, J. (2020) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.01041
“…to fuzzy methods in statistics see R. Viertl [12]) For an understanding of linguistic variables and their linguistic values, which are modeled by fuzzy numbers the reader is best referred to the very founder and main contributor of these concepts in science, i.e. Lotﬁ A. Zadeh in [13, 14, 15, 16].”
Method
Works Cited
Syropoulos, A., & Grammenos, T. (2020) · A Modern Introduction to Fuzzy Mathematics · doi:10.1002/9781119445326.biblio
On lattice-ordered $t_{r}$-norms for type-2 fuzzy sets
Wu, X.-X., & Chen, G. (2020) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.03593
“To extend type-1 fuzzy sets (T1FSs), which are mappings from some universe to I, and interval-valued fuzzy sets (IVFSs), which are mappings from some universe to I [2], Zadeh [20] introduced the notion of type-2 fuzzy sets (T2FSs) in 1975, which were then equivalently expressed in different forms by Mendel et al. [8,…”
Research on the multiple fuzzy parametric fuzzy sets and its framework of clustering algorithm
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Uncertain interval programming model for multi-objective multi-item fixed charge solid transportation problem with budget constraint and safety measure
Sifaoui, T., & Aïder, M. (2019) · Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00500-019-04526-x
Wu–Mendel Approach for Linguistic Summarization: Practical Considerations and Solutions
Mirzakhanov, V. E., & Gardashova, L. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2019.8858998
How Best to Design Fuzzy Sets and Systems - In Memory of Prof. Lotfi A. Zadeh
Angelov, P. (2018) · International Workshop on Fuzzy Logic and Applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12544-8_19
A Hybrid Fuzzy Regression Model for Optimal Loss Reserving in Insurance
Apollinaire, W., Doux, M. B. M. L., & Ronald, W. M. (2018) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1806.06853
Représentation et traitement des connaissances en logique multivalente : cas d'une répartition non uniforme des degrés de vérité. (Representation and management of imperfect knowledge in multivalued logic: Case of unbalanced truth degrees)
Chaoued, N. (2017) · doi:10.70675/cdc3f38bz4f29z48a6za8cbzd5840000fbb8
“Ainsi, une variable linguistique (Figure 2.3) est une variable prenant ses valeurs dans un ensemble de termes linguistiques (Zadeh, 1975a).”
Influential
Questioning the Virtual Friendship Debate: Fuzzy Analogical Arguments from Classification and Definition
Laas, O. (2017) · Argumentation: an international journal on reasoning · doi:10.1007/s10503-017-9437-7
On Characterizations of Directional Derivatives and Subdifferentials of Fuzzy Functions
Zhang, W., Xing, Y., & Qiu, D. (2017) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym9090177
Robustness of Triple I Algorithms Based on Schweizer-Sklar Operators in Fuzzy Reasoning
Luo, M.-X., & Wang, Y. (2016) · doi:10.19101/ijacr.2016.622009
“Zadeh [19, 20, 21] introduce an influential approach called compositional rule of inference (CRI method) to deal with FMP and FMT.”
Method
Semantic based middleware to support nomadic users in IoT-enabled smart environments. (Middleware sémantique supportant les utilisateurs nomades évoluant dans des environnements connectés)
Christophe, B. (2015) · doi:10.70675/f370c807z96b2z4f2fza7bcz50de53f578dd
Heuristic Algorithm for Efficient Data Retrieval Scheduling in the Multichannel Wireless Broadcast Environments
Porselvi, A., & Devi, S. (2015) · doi:10.7753/ijcatr0405.1001
Building a type-2 fuzzy regression model based on creditability theory
Wei, Y., & Watada, J. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2013.6622562
“T1 fuzzy set’s arithmetic operations have been studied by making use of the extension principle [26], [27], [28], [29],[30].”
Method
Qualitative group decision making process by applying an innovative fuzzy-neural approach
Song, K., Kozinski, J., Seniuk, G. T. G., & Gupta, M. (2012) · Annual Conference on the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society · doi:10.1109/nafips.2012.6291018
“The advantage of applying a defuzzifier in the model to the qualitative (fuzzy) environment is that it allows for more precisiation [15, 16] without at the same time artificially losing the fuzzy richness of the reality under consideration.”
Method
Multidimensional interval-valued fuzzy reasoning approach based on weighted similarity measure
Zhang, Q.-S., & Li, B. (2011) · doi:10.1007/s12543-011-0065-x
Analyse formelle de concepts et fusion d'informations : application à l'estimation et au contrôle d'incertitude des indicateurs agri-environnementaux. (Formal concept analysis and information fusion : application on the uncertainty estimation of environental indicators)
Assaghir, Z. (2010) · doi:10.70675/f486f39ezdf04z4f7fzacc1z04d430801842
“Cette dernière permet de représenter des classes d'objets dont les critères d'appartenance sont graduels [187].”
An approach based on the generalized ILOWHM operators to group decision making
Park, J. H., Park, Y. B., Lee, B.-Y., & Son, M.-J. (2010) · doi:10.5391/jkiis.2010.20.3.434
“The linguistic approach is approximate technique, which represents qualitative aspects as linguistic values by means of linguistic variables [27, 28, 29].”
BackgroundMethod
Weighted Intuitionistic Fuzzy Reasoning Based on Probabilistic Information Entropy
Zhang, Q.-S., & Jiang, S.-Y. (2009) · 2009 First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/icise.2009.1348
“Zadeh [8], Bustince [9], Chen [10], Gorzalczany [11], Turken [12], et al.”
Background
A fuzzy-genetic controller for the output regulation of a servomechanism with backlash
Cázarez-Castro, N., Aguilar, L., & Castillo, O. (2009) · IEEE Workshop on Hybrid Intelligent Models and Applications · doi:10.1109/hima.2009.4937817
“Fuzzy Logic has been first introduced by Lofti Zadeh in [2], [3] and [4], and has been used in [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9] as a control strategy in electromechanical systems.”
Method
Evaluating customer satisfaction using fuzzy model based on flexible expert weight
Huang, T.-T.-F. (2007) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/ieem.2007.4419482
Computational Modeling in Applied Problems: collected papers on econometrics, operations research, game theory and simulation
Smarandache, F., Bhattacharya, S., Khoshnevisan, M., Singh, H. P., Singh, R., Kaymram, F., Malakar, S., & Salmeron, J. L. (2006) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.cs/0605018
A moment-preserving spectral defuzzification on the circle: From theory to practice
Caterina, G. (2026) · Fuzzy sets and systems (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.fss.2025.109716
Strategic selection of green shipbuilding yards for energy efficiency and sustainability
Hsu, Y.-C. (2026) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2026.101861
A Review and Prospect of Brand Marketing Strategies Based on Data-Driven Decision Making
Zhang, X.-S. (2025) · E-Commerce Letters · doi:10.12677/ecl.2025.143787
A Multi-Attribute Group Decision-Making Method Based on Linguistic Uncertain Z-Number with a Rectangular Coordinate System
Zheng, W.-J. (2024) · Operations Research and Fuzziology · doi:10.12677/orf.2024.143348
Sử dụng phương pháp phân tích thứ bậc mờ (FAHP) để xếp hạng các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến ứng dụng công nghệ điện toán đám mây tại các ngân hàng Việt Nam
Bích, H. C. T., & Quang, H. Đ. (2024) · Tạp chí Kinh tế và Phát triển · doi:10.33301/jed.vi.1620
Fuzzy Qualitative Trigonometry
Liu, H.-H., Ju, Z.-J., Ji, X., Chan, C. S., & Khoury, M. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53692-6_2
The Golden Rule Under Uncertainty
Salukvadze, M., & Zhukovskiy, V. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25546-6_3
Radboud University Nijmegen
van Bommel, P. (2020) · The Grants Register 2021 · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95988-4_734
“In our quality framework, the concept of a linguistic variable is used to describe the fuzzy assessments made by actors [22, 23, 24, 21].”
Method
Preliminaries
Ramík, J. (2020) · Lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39891-0_1
References
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811513-8.16001-7 · Cited by 1
The Enterprise AID Methodology: Application
Hester, P. T., & Meyers, T. (2013) · Conference on Systems Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2013.01.058
“…Section 2.2.1-identified COI's final, SME group threshold values were determined not as the arithmetic average of individual SME evaluations but as one-half of the sum of 1 plus the lowest value assigned by any one expert, a calculation derived from Zadeh's notion of a crossover point [5] [6] [7].”
Influential
Linguistic summarization of human activity
Keller, J., & Anderson, D. T. (2010) · doi:10.32469/10355/8878
“A linguistic variable is given by a quintuple [34][35][36][37].”
BackgroundMethod
Fuzzy logic knowledge bases in integrated landscape assessment: examples and possibilities.
Reynolds, K. (2001) · doi:10.2737/pnw-gtr-521
“Subsequent concept papers (Zadeh 1975a, 1975b, 1976) elaborated on the syntax and semantics of linguistic variables, laying the foundation for what has now become a significant branch of applied mathematics.”
Fuzzy inference and machine learning-based prediction with a small dataset for oil spills in the geological environment
Burmakova, A. (2024) · doi:10.20334/2024-008-m

Authors: Zadeh, L. A.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Zadeh, L.A.
Venue: Information Sciences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1975-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 301-357
ISSN: 0020-0255 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0020-0255(75)90046-8
OpenAlex: W4240278385
Cited by: 2,555
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 136 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 69
FWCI: 13.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Information Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Fuzzy and Soft Set Theory
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic
Keywords: ELECTRE II, multi-criteria group decision-making, outranking relations, fuzzy ELECTRE, linguistic variables, approximate reasoning

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The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning—II

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