The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology
Open accessAbstract
A comprehensive theory which relates tissue mechanical stresses to many features of skeletal morphogenesis, growth, regeneration, maintenance and degeneration is reviewed. The theory considers the repeated or intermittent mechanical forces which constitute the loading history on the chondro-osseous skeleton. The results of numerous mechanical stress analyses indicate that the local tissue stress history plays a major role in controlling connective tissue biology. The strong influence of mechanical energy in ontogenesis implies a comparably strong influence in phylogenesis. The fact that the mechanical stress histories in skeletal tissues are directly related to the force of gravity suggests that the life forms that have evolved on Earth are closely tied to our gravitational field.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mechanical loading histories and cortical bone remodeling
Carter, D. R. (1984) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02406129 · Cited by 490
Self-citationCompact bone fatigue damage—I. Residual strength and stiffness
Carter, D. R., & Hayes, W. C. (1977) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(77)90005-7 · Cited by 268
Self-citation
Cited by
Who’s afraid of the big bad Wolff?: “Wolff’s law” and bone functional adaptation
Ruff, C., Holt, B., & Trinkaus, E. (2006) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20371 · Cited by 994
Finite element modeling of blood flow in arteries
Taylor, C. A., Hughes, T. J. R., & Zarins, C. K. (1998) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/s0045-7825(98)80008-x · Cited by 726
Cyclic mechanical property degradation during fatigue loading of cortical bone
Pattin, C. A., Caler, W. E., & Carter, D. R. (1996) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)00156-1 · Cited by 442
Self-citation“Whither flows the fluid in bone?” An osteocyte's perspective
Knothe Tate, M. L. (2003) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00123-4 · Cited by 309
Bone Biology and the Clinical Implications for Osteoporosis
Downey, P. A., & Siegel, M. I. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/86.1.77 · Cited by 270
Metadata
- Authors
- Carter, D. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11-12
- Pages
- 1095-1109
- ISSN
- 0021-9290 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165678091
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/0021-9290(87)90027-3
- The paper
- Carter, D. R. (1987). Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology. Journal of Biomechanics. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(87)90027-3
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
