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Chronic Pelvic Pain: Prevalence, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Economic Correlates
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in U.S. women aged 18-50 years, and to examine its association with health-related quality of life, work productivity, and health care utilization. METHODS: In April and May 1994, the Gallup Organization telephoned 17,927 U.S. households to identify women aged 18-50 years who experienced chronic pelvic pain, ie, of at least 6 months' duration. Those who reported chronic pelvic pain were surveyed on severity, frequency, and diagnosis; quality of life; work loss and productivity; and health care utilization. RESULTS: Among 5263 eligible women who agreed to participate, 773 (14.7%) reported chronic pelvic pain within the past 3 months. Those who reported chronic pelvic pain had significantly lower mean scores for general health than those who did not (70.5 versus 78.8,P<.05), and 61% of those with chronic pelvic pain reported that the etiology was unknown. Women diagnosed with endometriosis reported the most health distress, pain during or after intercourse, and interference with activities because of pain. Estimated direct medical costs for outpatient visits for chronic pelvic pain for the U.S population of women aged 18-50 years are $881.5 million per year. Among 548 employed respondents, 15% reported time lost from paid work and 45% reported reduced work productivity. CONCLUSION: Frequently, the cause of chronic pain is undiagnosed, although it affects approximately one in seven U.S. women. Increased awareness of its cost and impact on quality of life should promote increased medical attention to this problem.
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“The high rates of hospital admissions, surgical procedures, and incidence of comorbid conditions make endometriosis a more costly public health problem than commonly known medical conditions in women such as migraine and Crohn’s disease (13-17).”
From Patients’ report on how endometriosis affects health, work, and daily life (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Background Among women, chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a highly prevalent (2% to 25%) clinical problem [1,2], with substantial costs [3] as well as social and marital repercussions [4,5].”
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“Chronic painful conditions such as CPP are a significant burden on medical time and the economic impact of CPP has been emphasised (Mathias et al., 1996).”
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A possible link between dysmenorrhoea and the development of chronic pelvic pain
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Interventional Therapies for Controlling Pelvic Pain: What is the Evidence?
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“5 billion dollars in health care costs in the United States per year [4].”
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“Chronic pelvic pain is estimated to affect over 5 million women in the United States with an estimated associated healthcare costs of approximately 3 billion dollars per year [28].”
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“In the United States, patients suffering from some of these previously un-recognized pain syndromes (such as chronic prostatitis, interstitial cystitis and vulvodynia) have organized patient support groups, which have urged the US government and the National Institutes of Health to fund research studies aimed at a bet…”
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Chao, M. T., ABERCROMBIE, P. D., Nakagawa, S., Gregorich, S. E., Learman, L. A., & Kuppermann, M. (2014) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12585 · Cited by 33
“CPP is also associated with substantial societal-level costs, with estimated annual costs of treatments and lost productivity exceeding $2 billion [4, 8].”
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“The present study aimed to (1) determine the feasibility of a detailed pain sensitivity assessment using musculoskeletal TPs in various body locations in women with CPP; and (2) compare possible phenotypic differences and correlations between body locations in patients with MPP or BPS to healthy controls (HC) to gener…”
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“In a study from North Carolina, Jamieson and Steege (1996) found that 40% of the patients consulting practicing gynecologists describe such symptoms, and in a study by Mathias (Mathias et al, 1996) 15% of the total female population is referred to as affected.”
BackgroundPhysiotherapy as Empowerment - Treating Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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“In a US Gallup study 14% of middle-aged women reported such pain experiences (1) and CPP is said to account for about 10% of outpatient gynaecological visits in the US (2).”
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“Introduction Women experiencing chronic pelvic pain often exhibit overlapping symptoms of interstitial cystitis (IC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (Mathias et al., 1996).”
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“C hronic pelvic pain affects 1 in 7 women in the United States and can have significant physical, emotional, and psychological effects.(1) Although the exact cause of pelvic pain varies, a common clinical definition is pelvic pain that is noncyclical and occurring for at least 6 months.”
BackgroundUsing magnetic resonance phase-contrast velocity mapping for diagnosing pelvic congestion syndrome
Meneses, L. Q., Uribe, S. A., Cristián Tejos, N., Andía, M. E., Fava, M. P., & Pablo Irarrázaval, M. (2011) · Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease · doi:10.1258/phleb.2010.010049 · Cited by 32
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“The prevalence rate of pelvic pain in primary-care practices in one report was 39% (3).”
BackgroundTransvaginal Ultrasound Examination of Women With and Without Pelvic Venous Congestion
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Health Services for Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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Prevalence of pelvic pain in transgender individuals on testosterone
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“The negative effects of cesarean delivery and CPP on HRQoL in the present study are in agreement with previous results [3,4,20], although different measurements were used.”
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Grandi, G., Xholli, A., Ferrari, S., Cannoletta, M., Volpe, A., & Cagnacci, A. (2012) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000343997 · Cited by 31
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“CPP is associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, low quality of life, low productivity, decreased energy, sexual dysfunction and relationship problems [5,6].”
BackgroundA retrospective claims database analysis to assess patterns of interstitial cystitis diagnosis
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“Chronic pelvic pain affects approximately 15% of the adult female population [12].”
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“Direct costs are related to expenses for diagnosis and hospitalization for pain, whereas indirect costs are secondary to impaired health-related quality of life, diminished psychological and social functioning [4,9,10] and lost work productivity [4].”
BackgroundSystematic Review of Therapies for Noncyclic Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women
Yunker, A., Sathe, N. A., Reynolds, W. M., Likis, F. E., & Andrews, J. (2012) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0b013e31825cecb3 · Cited by 29
“In addition, the total indirect cost due to time lost from work is estimated to be $760 million per year (adjusted for inflation from $555 million in 1996).(7) Chronic pelvic pain carries a significant quality of life burden in sexual functioning, depression, fatigue, and physical limitations and disability associated…”
BackgroundA cognitive behavioural based assessment of women with chronic pelvic pain
Weijenborg, P. T. M., ter Kuile, M. M., & Stones, W. R. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/01674820903378742 · Cited by 29
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Pelvic pain in urogynaecology. Part I: evaluation, definitions and diagnoses
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“Fifteen to twenty percent of women have experienced pelvic pain of longer than 1 year’s duration and 61% of them report that the cause of their pain is unknown [1, 2 ].”
BackgroundChronic pelvic pain: Pathogenesis and validated assessment
Yosef, A. H., Ahmed, A. G. M., Al-Hussaini, T. K., Abdellah, M. S., Cua, G., & Bedaiwy, M. A. (2016) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2016.08.001 · Cited by 28
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Dynamic weight bearing as a non‐reflexive method for the measurement of abdominal pain in mice
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“This model might provide a tool with high translational value for addressing CPP diseases in women.”
BackgroundInfluentialCurrent usage of qualitative research in female pelvic pain: a systematic review
Mellado, B. H., Pilger, T. L., Poli‐Neto, O. B., Silva, J. C. R. E., Nogueira, A. A., & dos Reis, F. J. C. (2019) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-019-05212-x · Cited by 26
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“Interestingly, Mathias et al also found that women with endometriosis reported the most distress relating to pain and its interference with daily activities.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeuromodulation of the Dorsal Root Ganglion for Chronic Postsurgical Pain
Antony, A. B., Schultheis, B. C., Jolly, S. M., Bates, D., Hunter, C., & Levy, R. M. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz072 · Cited by 26
“Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a debilitating, highly prevalent, and costly condition that affects up to 25–40% of both men and women all over the world [42].”
BackgroundPresentation patterns in women with pelvic venous disorders differ based on age of presentation
Sulakvelidze, L., Tran, M., KENNEDY, R. J., Lakhanpal, S., & Pappas, P. J. (2020) · Phlebology The Journal of Venous Disease · doi:10.1177/0268355520954688 · Cited by 26
“The differential diagnosis for chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women is extensive, and idiopathic in up to 60% of cases (see Table 2).(19,20) In our previous publication, we reported that the vast majority of patients with PVI have an iliac vein outflow obstruction with or without ovarian vein reflux as the cause of thei…”
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“It is estimated that chronic pelvic pain affects up to 15 % of women in the USA and the UK [2, 3].”
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Laparoscopic and Psychologic Evaluation of Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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Office Assessment of Chronic Pelvic Pain
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Application of botulinum toxin in pregnancy and its impact on female reproductive health
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Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis in adolescents
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Osteopathy for Endometriosis and Chronic Pelvic Pain – a Pilot Study
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Pelvic Pain and Associated Characteristics Among Women in Northern Mexico
García‐Pérez, H., Harlow, S. D., Erdmann, C. A., & Denman, C. A. (2010) · International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health · doi:10.1363/3609010 · Cited by 25
Chowdary, P., Stone, K., Ma, T., Readman, E., McIlwaine, K., Druitt, M. L., Ellett, L., Cameron, M. S., & Maher, P. J. (2018) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.12911 · Cited by 25
Nnoaham, K. E., Sivananthan, S., Hummelshøj, L., Jenkinson, C., Webster, P., Kennedy, S., & Zondervan, K. T. (2009) · Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders · doi:10.1177/228402650900100106 · Cited by 27
Warren, J. W., Morozov, V., Howard, F. M., Wesselmann, U., Gallicchio, L. M., LANGENBERG, P. W., & Clauw, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.10.013 · Cited by 26
Chronic pelvic pain: the occurrence of interstitial cystitis in a gynecological population.
Paulson, J. D., & Delgado, M. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 25
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pelvic Pain: What Is It and Does It Work?
Lackner, J. M., Clemens, J. Q., Radziwon, C. D., Danforth, T. L., Ablove, T. S., Krasner, S. S., Vargovich, A. M., O’Leary, P. C., Marotto, T., & Naliboff, B. D. (2024) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/ju.0000000000003847 · Cited by 28
“8 The associated disease burden 7,9 leaves UCPPS patients, 10,11 providers, 12 employers, and payers largely dissatis-fied, seeking more effective treatment options.”
BackgroundMedical, surgical and alternative treatments for chronic pelvic pain in women: a descriptive review
Vercellini, P., Viganò, P., Somigliana, E., Abbiati, A., Barbàra, G., & Fedele, L. (2009) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590802530940 · Cited by 24
“An estimated 274 million dollars is spent annually on the management of this condition in the UK National Health System [8] and 881 millions a year on its outpatient management in the US [7].”
BackgroundInflammation and Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Biological Trigger for Depression in Women?
Graziottin, A. (2014) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000142 · Cited by 23
“Of note, women experiencing CPP often exhibit overlapping symptoms of BPS/IC and IBS [76].”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuromodulation for Chronic Pelvic Pain
Tam, J., Loeb, C. A., Grajower, D., Kim, J., & Weissbart, S. J. (2018) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-018-0783-2 · Cited by 24
Panunzio, A., Tafuri, A., Mazzucato, G., Cerrato, C., Orlando, R., Pagliarulo, V., Antonelli, A., & Cerruto, M. A. (2022) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins14010025 · Cited by 24
“7%, and in more than half of cases the etiology was unknown [4].”
BackgroundAlappattu, M. J., George, S. Z., Robinson, M. E., Fillingim, R. B., Moawad, N. S., LeBrun, E. E. W., & Bishop, M. D. (2014) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1002/sm2.52 · Cited by 24
Providing Holistic Care for Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
ABERCROMBIE, P. D., & Learman, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01403.x · Cited by 23
Physical therapy management of female chronic pelvic pain: Anatomic considerations
George, S. E., Clinton, S. C., & Borello‐France, D. (2012) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.22187 · Cited by 24
“In a study by Mathias et al. (1996), 15% of surveyed women indicated CPP with these women indicating lower general health compared to those without CPP.”
ResultNeurolytic block of ganglion of Walther for the management of chronic pelvic pain.
Malec‐Milewska, M., Horosz, B., Kolęda, I., Sękowska, A., Kucia, H., Kosson, D., & Jakiel, G. (2014) · Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques · doi:10.5114/wiitm.2014.43079 · Cited by 24
“Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a challenge to the treating physician and given its prevalence of 15% in women aged 18–50 years it is likely to be encountered in gynecological practice [1].”
Bhide, A., Puccini, F., Khullar, V., Elneil, S., & Digesu, G. A. (2013) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-012-2015-5 · Cited by 24
Islamic food laws: philosophical basis and practical implications
Chaudry, M. M. (1992) · Cited by 24
The role of appendectomy at the time of laparoscopic surgery for benign gynecologic conditions
Peters, A., & Mansuria, S. M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000466 · Cited by 23
Bartley, E. J., Alappattu, M. J., Manko, K., Lewis, H., Vasilopoulos, T., & Lamvu, G. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241248017 · Cited by 24
Psychosomatische Aspekte des chronischen Unterbauchschmerzsyndroms
Brünahl, C. A., Riegel, B., Höink, J., Kutup, A., Eichelberg, E., & Löwe, B. (2014) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-014-1422-6 · Cited by 23
Relationship Between Pain and Quality of Life
Farahani, M. A., & Assari, S. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_229 · Cited by 23
Non-health-care costs associated with endometriosis
Simoens, S., Meuleman, C., & D’Hooghe, T. M. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der215 · Cited by 23
“For instance, estimates of the number of hours missed from work because of endometriosis ranged from 19.2 to 86.4 h per patient per year (Kunz et al., 1995; Mathias et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn osteopathic approach to treating women with chronic pelvic pain.
Tettambel, M. A. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Evaluation of the levator ani and pelvic wall muscles in levator ani syndrome.
Hull, M., & Corton, M. M. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Poli‐Neto, O. B., Tawasha, K. A. S., Romão, A. P. M. S., Hisano, M. K., Moriyama, A., dos Reis, F. J. C., Silva, J. C. R. E., & Nogueira, A. A. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2017.1306515 · Cited by 26
“In addition to having a negative impact on the quality of life of women, CPP has a considerable economic impact of approximately three billion dollars per year, of which two-thirds are out-of-pocket expenses [4,5].”
BackgroundDiagnostic Evaluation of Chronic Pelvic Pain
Khatri, G., Khan, A., Raval, G., & Chhabra, A. B. (2017) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2017.03.004 · Cited by 22
“7% of reproductive-age women.(2) Chronic pelvic pain may stem from causes related to native pelvic organs, pelvic floor dysfunction and prolapse, synthetic material placed in the pelvis for treatment of prolapse or urinary incontinence, or neuromuscular causes.”
BackgroundSimopoulos, T. T., Yong, R. J., & Gill, J. (2017) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12656 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Mathias, S.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mathias, S
- ORCID
- Mathias, S
- Venue
- Obstetrics & Gynecology
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-327
- ISSN
- 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1985935279
- Cited by
- 1,074
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- chronic pelvic pain, prevalence, health-related quality of life, labor productivity, health care utilization, endometriosis, health care costs, women's health, lost workdays
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Chronic Disease, Endometriosis, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Pelvic Pain
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