Plasma testosterone in fetal rats and their mothers on day 19 of gestation
Open accessAbstract
Plasma testosterone levels were higher in pooled samples from male fetuses than from female fetuses on day 19 of pregnancy. Plasma testosterone from female fetuses with males located caudally in the uterus was higher than from females that lacked such males. Testosterone level of both male and female fetuses was correlated with maternal testosterone. No correlation was found between maternal testosterone and number of males in the litter, male-to-female ratio, or litter size. These results corroborate earlier findings of a sex difference in plasma testosterone levels on fetal day 19 in rats, and provide support for the hypothesis that female rats receive androgens from males located caudally in the uterus. No evidence was found that testosterone of pregnant females is affected by the sex ratio or size of her litter.
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Even during the critical window, developing female fetuses have significant testosterone concentrations in many tissues, including those critical for the developing reproductive system.
“However, even during this critical window, developing female fetuses have significant testosterone concentrations in many differ- ent tissues, including those critical for the developing reproductive system (Baum et al. 1991; Houtsmuller et al. 1995; Weisz and Ward 1980).”
From Androgens and environmental antiandrogens affect reproductive development and play behavior in the Sprague-Dawley rat. (2002) · cites this paper as Houtsmuller et al. 1995
Table 1 (p. 496) reports measurable plasma testosterone in female rat fetuses on day 19 of gestation, within the critical window described in the Introduction. The Hormone Measurements section says testosterone was measured in plasma; the paper does not establish concentrations in many tissues, including reproductive tissues. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn one study, the amount of variation in prenatal testosterone explained by intrauterine position was estimated to be less than 12%.
“In addition, in one study the amount of variation in prenatal testosterone, which was explained by the IUP, was estimated to be less than 12% (Houtsmuller et al. 1995).”
From Androgens and environmental antiandrogens affect reproductive development and play behavior in the Sprague-Dawley rat. (2002) · cites this paper as Houtsmuller et al. 1995
The Discussion reports that the number of caudal males explained about 12% of the variation in testosterone among female rat fetuses on day 19 of gestation. The claim captures the small contribution of intrauterine position, but states it as less than 12% and omits the study’s restriction to female rat fetuses and caudal males. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cites
WARD, I. L., & WEISZ, J. (1984) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-114-5-1635 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Vom Saal, F. S., & Bronson, F. H. (1978) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod19.4.842 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Jackson, J. A.; Albrecht, E. D. Estrogen regulates placental andros- tenedione production during rat pregnancy. Endocrinology 119(3):1052-1057; 1986.
- Slob, A. K.; Vreeburg, J. T. M. Prenatal androgens in female rats and adult mounting behavior. In: Gilles, R.; Balthazart, J., eds. Neurobiology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1985:165- 179.
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Hotchkiss, A. K., Ostby, J. S., Vandenburgh, J. G., & Gray, L. E. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s3435 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“In addition, in one study the amount of variation in prenatal testosterone, which was explained by the IUP, was estimated to be less than 12% (Houtsmuller et al. 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe expression of GABAA receptor α2 subunit is upregulated by testosterone in rat cerebral cortex
Zhang, L., Chang, Y. H., Feldman, A. N., Ma, W., Lahjouji, F., Barker, J. L., Hu, Q., Maric, D., Li, B.-S., Li, W., et al. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00193-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Houtsmuller, E. J., de Jong, F. H., Rowland, D. L., & Slob, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Valparaiso University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Houtsmuller, E.J.
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 495-499
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067150449
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- fetal testosterone, maternal testosterone, sex differences, fetal sex, uterine position, litter size, male-to-female ratio, pregnancy, rats
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Animals, Female, Fetus, Male, Pregnancy, Sex Factors, Testosterone, Rats, Wistar, Rats
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