Cited by 450Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsFungal and yeast genetics researchNuclear Structure and Function

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A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus

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Kelleher, Raymond J., Flanagan, Peter M., Kornberg, Roger D.·1990·Cell

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Abstract

One gene activator protein may interfere with the effects of another in eukaryotic cells. We report here that a hybrid yeast-herpes gene activator protein inhibits transcriptional activation by a thymidine-rich DNA element in yeast. This example of activator interference can be faithfully reproduced in vitro. Interference is reversed by a partially purified yeast component, but not by RNA polymerase II or various polymerase II transcription factors. We conclude that the partially purified yeast component is a novel factor, and we suggest this factor mediates the transcriptional activation process.

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A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding
Bradford, M. M. (1976) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 · Cited by 255,302 · cited 2×
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Method
Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations.
Ito, H., Fukuda, Y., Murata, K., & Kimura, A. (1984) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1271/bbb1961.48.341 · Cited by 4,235 · cited 1×
“Assays of BGaiactosidase Activity in Vivo Plasmid DNAs were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 5C (a his3-A200 ura3-52) by a lithium acetate transformation procedure (ito et al., 1983).”
Method
GAL4-VP16 is an unusually potent transcriptional activator
Sadowski, I., Ma, J., Triezenberg, S., & Ptashne, M. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/335563a0 · Cited by 1,298 · cited 1×
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Method
Yeast promoters and lacZ fusions designed to study expression of cloned genes in yeast.
Guarente, L. P. (1983) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(83)01013-7 · Cited by 1,022 · cited 1×
“Protein was determined by the method of Bradford (1976), using bovine serum albumin as a standard, and assays of P-galactosidase activity were performed as previously described (Miller, 1972; Guarente, 1983).”
Method
Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region.
Sawadogo, M., & Roeder, R. (1985) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90021-2 · Cited by 925 · cited 3×
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Background
Functional dissection of VP16, the trans-activator of herpes simplex virus immediate early gene expression.Preprint
Triezenberg, S., Kingsbury, R., & McKnight, S. (1988) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.2.6.718 · Cited by 785 · cited 1×
“For example, herpes viral protein 16 (VP16), an activator of immediate early gene expression in herpes virus-infected cells, causes a severalfold reduction in the level of transcription of an unrelated gene (Triezenberg et al., 1988).”
Background
A new class of yeast transcriptional activators.
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“A single copy plasmid for expression of GAL4VP16 from the ADH7 plromoter, pCEN4:G4VPlG, was created by the insertion of the Kpnl fragment containing CEN4 sequences from pCZA into the unique Xbal site of pMA424 (gift of J. Ma and M. Ptashne; Ma and Ptashne, 1987) by blunt end ligation, leaving the 2pm origin intact but…”
Method
Negative effect of the transcriptional activator GAL4
Gill, G., & Ptashne, M. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/334721a0 · Cited by 648 · cited 1×
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Background
Steroid hormone receptors compete for factors that mediate their enhancer function.
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Background
Two DNA-binding factors recognize specific sequences at silencers, upstream activating sequences, autonomously replicating sequences, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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“A similar inhibition of activation by the GRFI binding EN07 UAS was observed.”
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Preponderance of Free Mediator in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae*
Takagi, Y., Chadick, J. Z., Davis, J. A., & Asturias, F. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c500150200 · Cited by 22
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The RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain: links to a bigger and better 'holoenzyme'?
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“In vitro, purified TATA-binding protein (TBP) is incapable of restoring transactivation in a cell extract that lacks TFIID activity but depends on TBPassociated proteins (14, 16, 21, 30).”
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Intracellular Immunization: Trans -Dominant Mutants of HIV Gene Products as Tools for the Study and Interruption of Viral Replication
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The mediator complex.
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Transcriptional interference caused by GCN4 overexpression reveals multiple interactions mediating transcriptional activation
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“gesting that the interaction between the activator and the basic factors is mediated or at least stabilised by non-DNA-binding proteins (Berger et al. 1990; Kelleher et al. 1990; Flanagan et al: 1991).”
Background
PFT1-controlled ROS balance is critical for multiple stages of root hair development in Arabidopsis
Kalaipandian, S., Chandrika, N. N. P., Tsai, Y.-H., & Schmidt, W. (2013) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.4161/psb.24066 · Cited by 15
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Background
Specific Defects in Different Transcription Complexes Compensate for the Requirement of the Negative Cofactor 2 Repressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Peiró-Chova, L., & Estruch, F. (2007) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.106.066829 · Cited by 18
“E-mail: francisco.estruch@uv.es Genetics 176: 125–138 (May 2007) complex known as mediator.”
Background
Characterization of a novel promoter structure and its transcriptional regulation of the murine laminin B1 gene.
Okano, R., Mita, T., & Matsui, T. (1992) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90051-z · Cited by 18
Mediator, SWI/SNF and SAGA complexes regulate Yap8-dependent transcriptional activation of ACR2 in response to arsenate
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Biochemical and redox characterization of the mediator complex and its associated transcription factor GeBPL, a GLABROUS1 enhancer binding protein
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Control of gene transcription by Mediator in chromatin.
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Smad7:β-catenin complex regulates myogenic gene transcription
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Cloned yeast and mammalian transcription factor TFIID gene products support basal but not activated metallothionein gene transcription.
Kambadur, R., Culotta, V. L., & Hamer, D. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.23.9168 · Cited by 16
Upregulation of human CYP2C9 expression by Bisphenol A via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and Med25
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Background
The yeast TATA-binding protein (TBP) core domain assembles with human TBP-associated factors into a functional TFIID complex
Zhou, Q., & Berk, A. J. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.1.534 · Cited by 15
“not activated pol II transcription (1, 15).”
Preparation of HeLa nuclear extracts.
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rtfA controls development, secondary metabolism, and virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus
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Background
Tissue specific expression profile of Mediator genes in Arabidopsis
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“Mediator was discovered in yeast as a necessary component for transcription of a protein coding gene.(1,2) Later on, Mediator was purified and characterized to be a gigantic multiprotein complex required by RNA polymerase II for the transcription of its target genes.”
Background
The TFB4 Subunit of Yeast TFIIH Is Required for Both Nucleotide Excision Repair and RNA Polymerase II Transcription*
Feaver, W. J., Huang, W.-Y., & Friedberg, E. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.41.29564 · Cited by 13
Molecular genetic analysis of a prokaryotic transcriptional coactivator: functional domains of the bacteriophage T4 gene 33 protein
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“Although the concept of the coactivator was developed to rationalize certain in vitro experiments on transcriptional initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase 11 (4, 7, 21, 24, 31), the prokaryotic gp33 was the first transcriptional activator to be molecularly and functionally characterized (13).”
Background
Molecular and Phylogenetic Analyses of the Mediator Subunit Genes in Solanum lycopersicum
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“It was first discovered in yeast as an essential component for activation of in vitro transcription (Flanagan et al., 1991; Kelleher et al., 1990), and was subsequently purified from human cells (Fondell et al.”
Background
Toward understanding of the mechanisms of Mediator functionin vivo: Focus on the preinitiation complex assembly
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“The discovery of Mediator originates from the observation of the activator interference phenomenon attributed to a competition between two activators for a common intermediate factor in yeast RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription in vitro.(1,2) These studies provided the first evidence for the existence of a Mediat…”
Background
Redox-regulated transcription in plants: Emerging concepts
Shaikhali, J., & Wingsle, G. (2017) · AIMS molecular science · doi:10.3934/molsci.2017.3.301 · Cited by 16
The yeast mediator.
Björklund, S., Buzaitė, O., & Hallberg, M. (2001) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)17015-4 · Cited by 12
How do eukaryotic activator proteins stimulate the rate of transcription by RNA polymerase II?
Ham, J., Steger, G., & Yaniv, M. (1992) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80906-w · Cited by 12
Coping with Drought and Salinity Stresses: Role of Transcription Factors in Crop Improvement
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Carboxy-terminally truncated form of a coactivator UTF1 stimulates transcription from a variety of gene promoters through the TATA Box.
Fukushima, A., Nishimoto, M., Okuda, A., & Muramatsu, M. (1999) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0673 · Cited by 11
The acidic transcriptional activation domains of herpes virus VP16 and yeast HAP4 have different co-factor requirements.
Wang, L., Turcotte, B., Guarente, L. P., & Berger, S. L. (1995) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00126-q · Cited by 11
Yeast GAL11 protein stimulates basal transcription in a gene‐specific manner by a mechanism distinct from that by DNA‐bound activators
Sakurai, H., Ohishi, T., Amakasu, H., & Fukasawa, T. (1994) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)80098-7 · Cited by 11
Overexpression of OsMed16 Inhibits the Growth of Rice and Causes Spontaneous Cell Death
Jiang, J., Yang, G.-Z., Xin, Y.-F., Wang, Z.-G., Yan, W., Chen, Z.-F., Tang, X.-P., & Xia, J.-X. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12050656 · Cited by 10
“Mediator was first identified biochemically in yeast in 1990 [7], and its counterparts were subsequently isolated from humans and other animals [8–10].”
Background
Mediator's Kinase Module: A Modular Regulator of Cell Fate
Straub, J. A., Venigalla, S., & Newman, J. J. (2020) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2020.0164 · Cited by 10
“The Mediator kinase module is a critical component of the transcriptional machinery required for proper regulation of gene expression and lineage commitment of cells during development and tissue differentiation [1,6,8].”
A potential transcriptional adaptor(s) may be required in thyroid hormone-stimulated gene transcription in vitro.
Suen, C.-S., & Chin, W. W. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.6.7750503 · Cited by 10
Factors and Mechanisms That Influence Chromatin-Mediated Enhancer–Promoter Interactions and Transcriptional Regulation
Ito, S., Das, N. D., Umehara, T., & Koseki, H. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14215404 · Cited by 13
“The transcriptional co-factor BRD4 facilitates the recruitment of Mediator (a multiprotein complex involved in the transcriptional regulation by RNA polymerase II [75]) to active enhancers, thus leading to important roles in pluripotency and cancer [76,77].”
Background
Identification of Mdmed Family, Key Role of Mdmed81, and Salicylic Acid at the Right Time of Year Triggers Mdmed81 to Induce Flowering in Malus Domestica
Shah, K., An, N., Cheng, B., Qi, S.-Y., Moale, C., Kamanova, S., Han, M., Ren, X.-L., & Xing, L. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4059156 · Cited by 9
Enhancers as potential targets for engineering salinity stress tolerance in crop plants
Jain, M., & Garg, R. (2021) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.13421 · Cited by 9
RhMED15a-like, a subunit of the Mediator complex, is involved in the drought stress response in Rosa hybrida
Xie, N., Shi, H., Shang, X., Zhao, Z., Fang, Y. M., Wu, H., Luo, P., Cui, Y., & Chen, W. (2024) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05059-8 · Cited by 9
“Initially discovered in yeast, Mediator has proven to be essential for in vitro transcription activation [14, 15].”
Med25 is Required for Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated Regulation of Human CYP2C9 Expression
Shi, Z., Yang, W.-J., Goldstein, J. A., & Zhang, S.-Y. (2014) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.016 · Cited by 8
Optimization of the Gal4‐UAS system in an Anopheles gambiae cell line
Lynd, A., & Lycett, G. (2011) · Insect molecular biology (Print) · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01090.x · Cited by 8
Mechanisms of transcription activation by nuclear receptors: studies on the human glucocorticoid receptor tau 1 transactivation domain.
McEwan, I. J., Dahlman-Wright, K., Amlöf, T., Ford, J., Wright, A. P. H., & Gustafsson, J.-Å. (1995) · Mutation research · doi:10.1016/0027-5107(95)00126-3 · Cited by 8
An 85-kilodalton herpes simplex virus type 1 alpha trans-induction factor (VP16)-VP13/14 fusion protein retains the transactivation and structural properties of the wild-type molecule during virus infection
Mcknight, J. L., Doerr, M., & Zhang, Y. (1994) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.68.3.1750-1757.1994 · Cited by 8
“GAL4-oTIF fusions have been used to identify specific amino acid residues and secondary structure(s) associated with RNA polymerase II transcription factors and their associated TATA-binding protein-associated factors in transient assays (5, 9, 10, 28, 35, 36, 40, 61, 73).”
Method
Functional Mapping of Transcription Factor Grf10 That Regulates Adenine-Responsive and Filamentation Genes in Candida albicans
Wangsanut, T., Tobin, J. M., & Rolfes, R. J. (2018) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00467-18 · Cited by 7
Another piece in the transcription initiation puzzle
Asturias, F. (2004) · Nature Structural &Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb1104-1031 · Cited by 7
Cell type dependent transcription regulation by chick homeodomain proteins.
Sasaki, H., Yamamoto, M., & Kuroiwa, A. (1992) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/0925-4773(92)90012-9 · Cited by 7
Targets for Antiviral Chemotherapy: Herpes Simplex Virus Regulatory Protein, Vmw65
O’Hare, P. (1991) · Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy · doi:10.1177/095632029100200101 · Cited by 5
Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the mediator complex subunit in asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedialis) and its expression profile under cold stress
Liang, L., Wang, D., Xu, D., Xiao, J., Tang, W., Song, X., Yu, G., Liang, Z., Xie, M., Xu, Z., et al. (2024) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-024-10060-4 · Cited by 6
Altered promoter binding of the TATA box-binding factor induced by the transcriptional activation domain of VP16 and suppressed by TF11A
Liljelund, P., Ingles, C. J., & Greenblatt, J. F. (1993) · Molecular and General Genetics MGG · doi:10.1007/bf00279913 · Cited by 10
DNA intervention in transcriptional activation
Bhargava, P., & Chatterji, D. (1992) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80687-c · Cited by 5
Exploring the Role of Enhancer-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation in Precision Biology
Wang, X., Liu, D., Luo, J., Kong, D., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241310843 · Cited by 7
Role of BRD4 in cancer – A review
Samani, K., Sharma, U. R., Sharma, A. R., Pm, M., & V, S. (2020) · IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology · doi:10.18231/j.jdpo.2020.027 · Cited by 4
An endoribonuclease-based feedforward controller for decoupling resource-limited genetic modules in mammalian cellsPreprint
Jones, R. D., Qian, Y., Siciliano, V., DiAndreth, B., Huh, J. H., Weiss, R., & Vecchio, D. D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/867028 · Cited by 9
Global warming impact on rice crop productivity
Sengar, R., & Sengar, K. (2014) · doi:10.1201/b17684-14 · Cited by 4
Die molekularen Grundlagen der eukaryotischen Transkription (Nobel‐Vortrag)
Kornberg, R. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.200701832 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Control of gene expression: tissue-specific expression.
Patient, R. (1990) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/0958-1669(90)90024-f · Cited by 4
RNAPII: A Specific Target for the Cell Cycle Kinase Complex
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Regulation of α and γ Gene Expression in Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Viruses
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Differential regulation during development, aging, and disease implies heart cell specific functions of the Mediator Complex
Kolonay, D., Grueter, C. E., & Baskin, K. K. (2025) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Plus · doi:10.1016/j.jmccpl.2025.100456 · Cited by 3
Bridging the Knowledge Gap: Utilization of Mediator Subunits for Crop Improvement.
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Intergenic region between TATA-box binding protein and proteasome subunit C3 genes of Medaka function as the bidirectional promoter in vitro and in vivo.
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“The origin and evolution of spliceosomal introns of eukaryotes remain controversial (Koonin, 2006; Rodriguez-Trelles et al., 2006; Roy and Gilbert, 2006).”
Background

Authors: Kelleher, R. J., Flanagan, P. M., & Kornberg, R. D.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
ORCID: Kornberg, Roger D.
Venue: Cell
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1990-06
Volume: 61
Issue: 7
Pages: 1209-1215
ISSN: 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90685-8
OpenAlex: W2021893003
Cited by: 450
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 20.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor, 5436 d)
Locations: Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (GM-07365, GM-36859)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
Keywords: RNA polymerase II, transcriptional activation, transcriptional coactivator, transcription factors
MeSH terms: beta-Galactosidase, Cell Nucleus, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA, Fungal, Fungal Proteins, Kinetics, Phosphoproteins, Plasmids, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, RNA Polymerase II, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Trans-Activators, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Simplexvirus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

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A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus

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