Cited by 1,287Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsTryptophan and brain disorders

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The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases

MCGEER, P, MCGEER, E·1995·Brain Research Reviews

DOI 10.1016/0165-0173(95)00011-9

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Abstract

Cultured brain cells are capable of generating many molecules associated with inflammatory and immune functions. They constitute the endogenous immune response system of brain. They include complement proteins and their regulators, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and many proteases and protease inhibitors. Most of the proteins are made by microglia and astrocytes, but even neurons are producers. Many appear in association with Alzheimer disease lesions, indicating a state of chronic inflammation in Alzheimer disease brain. Such a state can apparently exist without stimulation by peripheral inflammatory mediators or the peripheral immune system. A strong inflammatory response may be autotoxic to neurons, exacerbating the fundamental pathology in Alzheimer disease and perhaps other neurological disorders. Autotoxic processes may contribute to cellular death in chronic inflammatory diseases affecting other parts of the body, suggesting the general therapeutic value of anti-inflammatory agents. With respect to Alzheimer disease, multiple epidemiological studies indicate that patients taking anti-inflammatory drugs or suffering from conditions in which such drugs are routinely used, have a decreased risk of developing Alzheimer disease. In one very preliminary clinical trial, the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin arrested progress of the disease. New agents directed against the inflammatory processes revealed in studies of Alzheimer disease lesions may have broad therapeutic applications.

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Background

Authors: MCGEER, P., & MCGEER, E.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: MCGEER, P
Venue: Brain Research Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1995-09
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 195-218
ISSN: 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(95)00011-9
OpenAlex: W2090930997
Cited by: 1,287
References: 319
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 36
FWCI: 5.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Alzheimer Society of B.C.
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords: neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, microglia, astrocytes, complement system, inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, chronic inflammation, anti-inflammatory therapy, indomethacin, anti-inflammatory agents, neuroprotection
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Humans, Inflammation, Nerve Degeneration, Nervous System Diseases

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The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases

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