The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS
Abstract
The most characteristic feature of microglial cells is their rapid activation in response to even minor pathological changes in the CNS. Microglia activation is a key factor in the defence of the neural parenchyma against infectious diseases, inflammation, trauma, ischaemia, brain tumours and neurodegeneration. Microglia activation occurs as a graded response in vivo. The transformation of microglia into potentially cytotoxic cells is under strict control and occurs mainly in response to neuronal or terminal degeneration, or both. Activated microglia are mainly scavenger cells but also perform various other functions in tissue repair and neural regeneration. They form a network of immune alert resident macrophages with a capacity for immune surveillance and control. Activated microglia can destroy invading micro-organisms, remove potentially deleterious debris, promote tissue repair by secreting growth factors and thus facilitate the return to tissue homeostasis. An understanding of intercellular signalling pathways for microglia proliferation and activation could form a rational basis for targeted intervention on glial reactions to injuries in the CNS.
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“For decades, changes in microglial density, morphology, and transcriptional state have been observed in postmortem brain tissue of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders17–21.”
From Genetic analysis of the human microglial transcriptome across brain regions, aging and disease pathologies (2022) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Microglia become activated under brain injury and immunological stimuli (Kreutzberg, 1996) and undergo several alterations from a “resting state” to an active state (Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007; Kettenmann et al., 2011).”
From The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases (2014) · cites this paper as Kreutzberg, 1996
Citations
Cites
Activation of microglial cells by β-amyloid protein and interferon-γ
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Microglia: Intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain
Gehrmann, J., Matsumoto, Y., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)00015-h · Cited by 1,111
Self-citationBanati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Schubert, P., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440070117 · Cited by 1,032
Self-citationFunctional plasticity of microglia: A review
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Self-citationDisplacement of synaptic terminals from regenerating motoneurons by microglial cells
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089
“…are the resident CNS immune cells which have long been recognized as rapid responders to injury and disease, play- ing a role in a broad range of processes such as tissue inflammation and clearance of cellular debris (Hanisch and Kettenmann, 2007; Kreutzberg, 1996; Ransohoff and Perry, 2009).”
ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913
Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
Hanisch, U.-K., & Kettenmann, H. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1997 · Cited by 3,676
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U.-K., Noda, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2010 · Cited by 3,547
Metadata
- Authors
- Kreutzberg, G. W.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kreutzberg, Georg W
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 312-318
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2109759840
- Cited by
- 4,396
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 144 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 161 · 2015: 169 · 2014: 217 · 2013: 216 · 2012: 227
- FWCI
- 11.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial activation, CNS pathology, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, brain injury, immune surveillance, tissue repair, nerve regeneration, intercellular communication, glial reaction, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Central Nervous System, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Microglia
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