The parabrachial region as a possible region modulating simultaneously pain and tonic immobility
Abstract
Unilateral microinjection of carbachol (1 microgram) into the dorsal parabrachial region (PBR) of conscious guinea pigs produced a 100% increase in the duration of restraint-induced tonic immobility (TI) episodes. In another group of animals with a subcutaneous electrode introduced into the thigh region, microinjections of equivalent doses of the same drug in similar sites also significantly reduced the motor defense and vocalization responses elicited by the application of a noxious electrical stimulus to the skin. Both effects were blocked by pretreatment with atropine. The possible simultaneous activation of mechanisms modulating TI and the response to a noxious stimulus may be of adaptive importance since analgesia may reinforce immobility to permit the use of other defense mechanisms in a situation of prey/predator confrontation.
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Stilling of the body, measured by reductions in body sway and coupled with a drop in heart rate, has been interpreted as the human equivalent of freezing.
“Stilling of the body, measured by reductions in body sway72 and coupled with a drop in heart rate,73 has been interpreted as the human equivalent of freezing.”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [72]
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Kozlowska, K., Walker, P., McLean, L., & Carrive, P. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000065 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Role of the Amygdaloid Nuclei in the Modulation of Tonic Immobility in Guinea Pigs
Andrade Leite–Panissi, C. R., Monassi, C. R., & Menescal-De-Oliveira, L. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00133-x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- MENESCALDEOLIVEIRA, L.
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-09-30
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-132
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2012945170
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- tonic immobility, pain modulation, analgesia, carbachol, vocalizations, atropine, predator-prey behavior, guinea pig
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Arousal, Brain Mapping, Cholinergic Fibers, Electroshock, Fear, Guinea Pigs, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Mesencephalon, Motor Activity, Neural Pathways, Nociceptors, Pons, Vocalization, Animal, Pain Threshold
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