Role of the Amygdaloid Nuclei in the Modulation of Tonic Immobility in Guinea Pigs
Abstract
Tonic immobility (TI) is thought to represent the terminal reaction in the chain of antipredatory responses involved in maintaining survival. TI is an inhibitory behavioral response in which the animal presents a significant decrease in body activity and responsiveness to the environment induced by some form of physical restraint. This response is induced in the laboratory by inversion of the animal and brief postural contention of its movements. In nature, the TI response may be triggered by some threatening or predatory stimulus, indicating the physical contact between response occurs when there is physical contact between prey and predator. In this case, the physical inactivity of the prey may prevent the continuation of the attack. The neural substrate of this response is not well known, and the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of cholinergic stimulation of amygdala regions on TI modulation in guinea pigs. Microinjection of carbachol (0.5 microg/0.2 microL) into the central (CEA), basolateral (BLA), and lateral posterior (LPA) nuclei of the amygdala promoted a reduction in the duration of TI episodes. Pretreatment with atropine (0.5 microg/0.2 microL) showed that the action of carbachol is mediated by muscarinic receptors.
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In most cases, the coactivation of the parasympathetic component will generate a bradycardic effect, manifesting as an attenuated tachycardia or with no change in heart rate.
“In most cases, however, the coactivation of the parasympathetic component will generate a bradycardic effect, manifesting as an attenuated tachycardia or with no change in heart rate.68–70”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [69]
Tonic immobility is a shutdown response mediated by phylogenetically old areas of the brain that appear to activate only when newer structures such as the amygdala are deactivated and when freezing and flight or fight are switched off.
“Tonic immobility is a shutdown response mediated by phylogenetically old areas of the brain that appear to activate only when newer structures such as the amygdala are deactivated88 and when freezing and flight or fight are switched off.89–92”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [92]
Tonic immobility is a shutdown response mediated by phylogenetically old areas of the brain that appear to activate only when newer structures such as the amygdala are deactivated and when freezing and flight or fight are switched off.
“Tonic immobility is a shutdown response mediated by phylogenetically old areas of the brain that appear to activate only when newer structures such as the amygdala are deactivated88 and when freezing and flight or fight are switched off.89–92”
From Fear and the Defense Cascade (2015) · cites this paper as [90]
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- Authors
- Andrade Leite–Panissi, C. R., Monassi, C. R., & Menescal-De-Oliveira, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Menescal-De-Oliveira, Leda
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-11
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 717-724
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1983876791
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (95/8926-0)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- tonic immobility, amygdala, central amygdala, basolateral amygdala, cholinergic stimulation, carbachol, muscarinic receptors, atropine, antipredator behavior, predator-prey interactions, guinea pig
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Atropine, Behavior, Animal, Carbachol, Guinea Pigs, Microinjections, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Receptors, Muscarinic, Muscarinic Agonists, Muscarinic Antagonists
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