Black-white bias in ‘cultural’ and ‘noncultural’ test items
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Generally, studies either did not identify biased items, or biased items only negligibly impacted overall test scores.
“Generally, studies either did not identify biased items, or biased items only negligibly impacted overall test scores (e.g., Abad et al., 2004;Jensen & McGurk, 1987;Vanderpool & Catano, 2008).”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Jensen & McGurk, 1987
Cites
(1980) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Self-citationAbility Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Controversies
Wigdor, A. K. (1982) · Educational Measurement Issues and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3992.1982.tb00659.x · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Handbook of human intelligence
Brand, C. R. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90121-9 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
indicated, N. A. (1949) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0050798 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Lipsitt, L. P. (1976) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/014919 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing
Reynolds, C. R., & Brown, R. T. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4658-6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
An examination of culture bias in the wonderlic personnel test
Jensen, A. R. (1977) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(77)90026-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationOn white and Negro test performance and socio-economic factors.
McGurk, F. C. J. (1953) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0061809 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationBanton, M., & Kuttner, R. E. (1968) · Man · doi:10.2307/2798518 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Socio-economic status and culturally-weighted test scores of Negro subjects.
McGurk, F. C. J. (1953) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057564 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Measurement of Socioeconomic Status
Lundberg, G. A. (1940) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2083939 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The measurement of socio-economic status
Sims, V. M. (1928) · Public School Publishing eBooks · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Effect of Race on Human Abilities and Mental Test Scores
Eysenck, H. J. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4658-6_8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ability Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Controversies. Part 1: Report of the Committee.
Natriello, G., Wigdor, A. K., & Garner, W. R. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066736 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hough, L. M., Oswald, F. L., & Ployhart, R. E. (2001) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00171 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Race differences in behaviour: A review and evolutionary analysis
Rushton, J. P. (1988) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90135-3 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Cross-cultural differences in cognitive performance and Spearman's hypothesis
Helms‐Lorenz, M., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2002) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(02)00111-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Culture and test session behavior: Part I.
Frisby, C. L. (1999) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0089009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gorey, K. M., & Cryns, A. G. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00050-g · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dutton, E., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01351-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Klinisch-psychologische und neuropsychologische Testdiagnostik
Engel, R. R., & Fast, K. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Issues and Advances in Diagnostic Assessment
Shaw, S. R., & Jankowska, A. M. (2018) · Pediatric school psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02992-0_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuropsychologische Testdiagnostik
Hennig‐Fast, K., & Brunnauer, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_25-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Klinisch-psychologische und neuropsychologische Testdiagnostik
Engel, R. R., & Hennig‐Fast, K. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03637-8_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bias and Cultural diversity in Psychological Assessment: An Empirical Review
Afolabi, O. E. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-091705-4.50016-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review
Cuppello, S., Zibarras, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00504-5
A potential framework for the debate on general cognitive ability and testing
Cohn, S. F. (2015) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Hancock, P. A., Szalma, J. L., & van Driel, M. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e614012011-001
Engel, R. R., & Satzger, W. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-27386-7_22
Frisby, C. L. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118092620.refs
Neuropsychologische Testdiagnostik
Hennig‐Fast, K., & Brunnauer, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_25
Bibliography of Arthur R. Jensen
(2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043793-4/50063-5
(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394184507.refs
- Authors
- Jensen, A. R., & McGurk, F. C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 295-301
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2138334525
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- differential item functioning, cultural bias, black-white disparities, item difficulty, reasoning skills
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review