The role of nutrition in secular increases in intelligence
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nutrition, particularly high-quality protein, influences body height, head circumference, and intelligence.
“Improved prenatal and postnatal nutrition may also have contributed to the secular increase in intelligence test scores as nutrition, particularly high-quality protein, influences the makeup of the human body, such as body height, head circumference, and intelligence [20, 23–25] and we observed simultaneous increases in body height and intelligence.”
From The secular trend of intelligence test scores: The Danish experience for young men born between 1940 and 2000 (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Suboptimal prenatal and postnatal nutrition reduces body height, head circumference, and intelligence, while improvements in nutrition positively influence the human body, including brain development and functioning.
“While suboptimal prenatal and postnatal nutrition has been found to reduce body height, head circumference, and intelligence, improvements in nutrition on the other hand have a positive influence on the human body, including the development and the functioning of the brain [23, 24].”
From The secular trend of intelligence test scores: The Danish experience for young men born between 1940 and 2000 (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., et al. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 · Cited by 2,913 · see citing works
Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., Segal, N. L., & Tellegen, A. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2218526 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.
Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037173 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)
Pietschnig, J., & Voracek, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615577701 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Score gains on g-loaded tests: No g
te Nijenhuis, J., van Vianen, A. E. M., & van der Flier, H. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.006 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Brain size does not predict general cognitive ability within families
Schoenemann, P. T., Budinger, T. F., Sarich, V. M., & Wang, W. S.-Y. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4932 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sundet, J. M., Tambs, K., Harris, J. R., Magnus, P., & Torjussen, T. M. (2005) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.8.4.307 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Secular gains in fluid intelligence: Evidence from the culture-fair intelligence test
COLOM, R., & GARCÍA-LÓPEZ, O. (2003) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932003000336 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hegelund, E. R., Teasdale, T. W., Okholm, G. T., Osler, M., Sørensen, T. I. A., Christensen, K., & Mortensen, E. L. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261117 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lynn, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lynn, Richard
- ORCID
- Lynn, Richard
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 273-285
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021547597
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- nutrition, brain size, head circumference, height, brain development, brain function, nutritional status, cognitive development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review