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The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats
Abstract
A method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats and cats is described. The procedure involves subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin into the forepaw, after which the animal's responses are rated according to objective behavioral criteria. The formalin test is a statistically valid technique which has two advantages over other pain tests: (1) little or no restraint is necessary, permitting unhindered observation of the complete range of behavioral responses; and (2) the pain stimulus is continuous rather than transient, thus bearing greater resemblance to most clinical pain. The analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter are evaluated using this test.
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Cited by
The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions.
Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Peters, M. L., Fuchs, P. N., & Turk, D. C. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581 · Cited by 3,392
Coderre, T. J., Katz, J., Vaccarino, A. L., & Melzack, R. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90161-h · Cited by 1,966
Le Bars, D., Gozariu, M., & Cadden, S. W. (2001) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01514-x · Cited by 1,459
Animal models of pain: progress and challenges
Mogil, J. S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2606 · Cited by 1,120
Projection-specific modulation of dopamine neuron synapses by aversive and rewarding stimuli
Lammel, S., Ion, D. I., Roeper, J., & Malenka, R. C. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.025 · Cited by 766
Metadata
- Authors
- Dubuisson, D., & Dennis, S. G.
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 1977-10
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- Supp C
- Pages
- 161-174
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001933690
- Cited by
- 2,524
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/0304-3959(77)90130-0
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- Dubuisson, D., & Dennis, S. G. (1977). The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(77)90130-0
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
