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Contract farming and smallholder outgrower schemes in less‐developed countries
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“Providing credit, inputs, extension support, and guaranteed markets, contracting arrangements with agribusiness companies potentially address many of the constraints of smallholder operations, offering opportunities for the emergence of petty commodity production and a dynamic of accumulation from below.”
From Tobacco, contract farming, and agrarian change in Zimbabwe (2018) · cites this paper as Glover, 1984
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Key, N., & Runsten, D. (1999) · World Development · doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00144-2 · Cited by 740
Impact of Contract Farming on Income: Linking Small Farmers, Packers, and Supermarkets in China
Miyata, S., Minot, N., & Hu, D. (2009) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.025 · Cited by 492
“The role of contract farming in developing countries has been a topic of interest and some controversy at least since the 1970s (Morrisey, 1974; Glover, 1984; Minot, 1986).”
BackgroundBravo‐Ureta, B. E., & Pinheiro, A. E. (1997) · The Developing Economies · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049.1997.tb01186.x · Cited by 351
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Glover, D., & Kusterer, K. C. (1990) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 317
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Binam, J., Tonyé, J., Wandji, N., Nyambi, G., & Akoa, M. (2004) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2004.07.013 · Cited by 284
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Wang, H. H., Wang, Y., & Delgado, M. S. (2014) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aau036 · Cited by 265
Hall, R., Scoones, I., & Tsikata, D. (2017) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1263187 · Cited by 260
“Outgrower arrangements, too, are a model that has been encouraged across diverse crops – cocoa, cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, coffee and tea – as a means of integrating smallholder family farmers into commercial, and often transnational, value chains (Glover 1984; Oya 2012; Baglioni 2015).”
BackgroundSmallholder farmers and contract farming in developing countries
Meemken, E., & Bellemare, M. F. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1909501116 · Cited by 256
Does contract farming improve welfare? A review
Bellemare, M. F., & Bloem, J. R. (2018) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.018 · Cited by 280
Boselie, D., Henson, S., & Weatherspoon, D. D. (2003) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2003.00522.x · Cited by 207
Export Horticulture and Poverty in Kenya
McCulloch, N., & Ota, M. (2002) · Figshare · Cited by 205
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Kshetri, N. (2014) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951714564227 · Cited by 193
“…often producers, processors, or traders of agricultural products or sellers of inputs or machinery, engage in a contracting system in which they assume a variety of responsibilities including providing technical assistance and marketing to developing world-based small farmers (Glover, 1984, 1987).”
BackgroundContract Farming in Developing Countries: An overview
Bijman, J. (2008) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 182
Kirsten, J., & Sartorius, K. (2002) · Development Southern Africa · doi:10.1080/0376835022000019428 · Cited by 342
“In the United States, for example, contract farms are signi cantly bigger than non-contract farms (Sofranko et al, 2000) and, if the raw commodity offers economies of scale and is not labour intensive, large farmers have a production advantage (Glover, 1984; Runsten & Key, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialCarney, J. A. (1988) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066158808438366 · Cited by 109
Glover, D. J. (1987) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(87)90112-4 · Cited by 154
Self-citationDoes contract farming improve smallholder income? The case of avocado farmers in Kenya
Mwambi, M. M., Oduol, J., Mshenga, P. M., & Saidi, M. (2016) · Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jadee-05-2013-0019 · Cited by 168
“Positive impacts have been reported in cases where contracts provide credit, farm inputs and the technology necessary for increasing production of non-traditional lucrative crops and reduce marketing risk (Glover, 1984; Williams and Karen, 1985).”
BackgroundHenson, S., Masakure, O., & Boselie, D. (2005) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.06.002 · Cited by 150
Contract farming in developing countries: a review
Prowse, M. (2012) · Cited by 143
Cash crops in developing countries: The issues, the facts, the policies
Maxwell, S., & Fernando, A. (1989) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(89)90193-9 · Cited by 121
Sartorius, K., & Kirsten, J. F. (2007) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2007.03.001 · Cited by 110
“Conversely, a lack of trust in high risk bilateral contracting conditions would suggest a move (right) to full vertical integration because this structure reduces the cost of coordinating the multiple legal arrangements (Glover, 1984; Levin, 1988; Currie and Ray, 1986; Mahoney, 1992; Porter and Phillips-Howard, 1997a,…”
BackgroundThe private sector and rural development: Can agribusiness help the small farmer?
Goldsmith, A. A. (1985) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(85)90031-2 · Cited by 105
Mishra, A. K., Kumar, A., Joshi, P. K., & Dsouza, A. (2016) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.05.005 · Cited by 102
Contract farming for inclusive market access.
da Silva, C. A., & Ranking, M. (2013) · Cited by 99
Production Risks, Risk Preference and Contract Farming: Impact on Food Security in India
Mishra, A. K., Kumar, A., Joshi, P. K., & Dsouza, A. (2018) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1093/aepp/ppy017 · Cited by 99
“Glover (1984) describes CF as institutional arrangements between advantages of plantations and smallholder production.”
BackgroundTobacco, contract farming, and agrarian change in Zimbabwe
Scoones, I., Mavedzenge, B., Murimbarimba, F., & Sukume, C. (2018) · Journal of Agrarian Change · doi:10.1111/joac.12210 · Cited by 96
“This research was initiated in the context of the DFID–ESRC funded project “Space, Markets, Employment and Agricultural Development” in Southern Africa (ES/J009261/1, www.future‐agricultures.org/smead), hosted by PLAAS at the University of the Western Cape.”
BackgroundInfluentialContract Farming and Vulnerability to Poverty among Oil Palm Smallholders in Indonesia
Cahyadi, E. R., & Waibel, H. (2015) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2015.1098627 · Cited by 95
“However, contractual oil palm farming in Indonesia can lead to selection bias, for example, by excluding less-endowed smallholder farmers, as described in the literature on contract farming (Barrett et al., 2012; Glover, 1984), or it may pose other risks, such as opportunity losses from price hikes and increasing domi…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAgroindustry and contract farmers in upland West Java
White, B. (1997) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066159708438644 · Cited by 93
Impact of contract farming on land productivity and income of maize and potato growers in Pakistan
Khan, M. F., Nakano, Y., & Kurosaki, T. (2019) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.04.004 · Cited by 96
Developing Agricultural Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: Organic Cocoa in Rural Uganda
Jones, S., & Gibbon, P. (2011) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.579107 · Cited by 83
“Glover's ( 1983 , 1987 ) classic definition of contract farming refers to annual contracts typically specifying production calendars, minimum/maximum delivery volumes, inputs and services provided by the buyer, and quality requirements and prices.”
BackgroundPeasant Women and Economic Transformation in The Gambia
Carney, J. (1992) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00446.x · Cited by 81
Agricultural commercialisation models, agrarian dynamics and local development in Ghana
Yaro, J. A., Teye, J. K., & Torvikey, G. D. (2017) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1259222 · Cited by 78
“the years (Epale 1985; Glover 1984; Watts 1994), many commentators now argue that the outgrower model is the future of Africa’s agriculture (Kirsten and Sartorius 2002; World Bank 2010).”
BackgroundThe Political Ecology of Banana Exports and local Food Production in St. Vincent, Eastern Caribbean
Grossman, L. S. (1993) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01938.x · Cited by 74
“(see Glover 1984; Watts 1990). Although the SVBGA does not sign individual contracts with farmers, its relationship with them is essentially contractual. It guarantees to purchase all bananas of exportable quality and to provide farmers with a variety of services. At the same time it regulates the industry. The organi…”
BackgroundEscobal, J., & Cavero, D. (2011) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.016 · Cited by 73
“Contract farming can improve the linkages of small farmers with agroindustrial markets allowing them to get technical assistance, credit, or access to key inputs (Glover 1984; Goldsmith, 1985; Morrisy, 1974).”
BackgroundPlantations, Contract Farming and Commercial Farming Areas in Africa: A Comparative Review
Smalley, R. (2013) · Cited by 72
CONTRACT FARMING AND OUTGROWER SCHEMES IN EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
Glover, D. (1990) · Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.1990.tb00648.x · Cited by 71
Self-citationThe boundaries of the firm: why do sugar producers outsource sugarcane production?
Sartorius, K., & Kirsten, J. F. (2005) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2004.10.001 · Cited by 69
“The study, therefore, agrees with a large body of literature that has concluded that the spot market cannot be synchronised with respect to ensuring the continuous supply of a uniform quality raw commodity (Glover, 1984, 1994; Kilmer, 1986; Mahoney, 1992; Hennessy, 1996; Azzam, 1996).”
Peasants, grapes and corporations: The growth of contract farming in a Chilean community
Korovkin, T. (1992) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066159208438479 · Cited by 66
The impact of contracts on organic honey producers' incomes in southwestern Ethiopia
Girma, J., & Gardebroek, C. (2014) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2014.08.001 · Cited by 65
Anh, N. H., Bokelmann, W., Thuan, N. T., Nga, D. T., & Minh, N. V. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11143799 · Cited by 64
“need for access to credit in order to obtain input availability, the need for access to market information, opportunities to reduce factors of production, ability to enhance farm performance from access to technical assistance, or market integration [15,20,55,56].”
BackgroundInfluentialSuzuki, A., Jarvis, L. S., & Sexton, R. J. (2011) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.02.007 · Cited by 64
“Contract farming, where a downstream processor/marketer provides inputs and technical advice to producers, has been a key approach to incorporating smallholders into high-quality export supply chains (Glover, 1984; Hayami, 2002; Key & Runsten, 1999; Minten, Randrianarison, & Swinnen, 2009; Mukras, Ayako, & Glover, 198…”
BackgroundSugarcane Outgrowers in Ethiopia: “Forced” to Remain Poor?
Wendimu, M. A., Henningsen, A., & Gibbon, P. (2016) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.002 · Cited by 67
Haji, J. (2008) · Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)) · Cited by 63
Matenga, C., & Hichaambwa, M. (2017) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1276449 · Cited by 62
“Out-grower schemes are often presented as a route through which farmers can engage with agribusiness and commercial agriculture (Glover 1984; Baumann 2000).”
BackgroundIs Contract Farming in the Indonesian Oil Palm Industry Pro-poor?
Cahyadi, E. R., & Waibel, H. (2013) · Southeast Asian Economies · doi:10.1355/ae30-1d · Cited by 60
Demythifying contract farming: Evidence from rural South Africa
Fréguin‐Gresh, S., D’Haese, M., & Anseeuw, W. (2012) · Agrekon · doi:10.1080/03031853.2012.749567 · Cited by 59
“Consequently, contract farming could facilitate their access to information, technical assistance, credit and inputs, reduce the uncertainty around marketing their products, improve their integration into modern value-chains and consequently, increase their farm incomes (Glover, 1984; Key and Runsten, 1999; Minot, 198…”
BackgroundInfluentialVERTICAL INTEGRATION IN AGRICULTURE AND CONTRACT FARMINGPreprint
Rehber, E., & Rehber, E. (1998) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.25991 · Cited by 59
“6 means the contract must specify one or more conditions of production and marketing (Glover 1984).”
BackgroundGender and contract farming: tea outgrower schemes in Kenya
von Bülow, D., & Sørensen, A. (1993) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.1080/03056249308703984 · Cited by 58
The Political Economy of Chronic PovertyPreprint
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Raynolds, L. T. (2003) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822385288-002 · Cited by 55
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Glover, S., & Jones, S. (2018) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.09.029 · Cited by 48
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Arumugam, N., Fatimah, M. A., Chiew, E. F. C., & Mohamed, Z. (2010) · Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) · doi:10.17221/30/2009-agricecon · Cited by 48
Cai, J., Ung, L., Setboonsarng, S., & Leung, P. (2008) · Econstor (Econstor) · Cited by 43
Morrison, P. S., Murray, W. E., & Ngidang, D. (2006) · Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2006.00253.x · Cited by 41
The Threat of Blackness to the Mestizo Nation
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Minot, N., & Roy, D. (2007) · Cited by 40
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Gender, politics and sugarcane commercialisation in Tanzania
Sulle, E. B., & Dancer, H. (2019) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2019.1632294 · Cited by 39
“…as ‘inclusive’ for women and men, thereby contributing to debates on the estate–outgrower model in developing countries, and the claim that it creates jobs and a win-win situation for private firms and contracted farmers, or outgrowers (Glover 1984; Kirsten and Sartorius 2002; World Bank 2007).”
BackgroundWang, M., He, B., Zhang, J., & Jin, Y. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132313172 · Cited by 37
Fecal free: Biology and authority in industrialized Midwestern pork production
Rich, R. (2007) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-007-9094-9 · Cited by 33
“My analysis is not the only one that indicates a strong relationship between use of contracts and the perishability of the commodities raised (Glover, 1984; Jaffee, 1994; Morrissy, 1974).”
BackgroundMangnus, E., & van Westen, A. C. M. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10103605 · Cited by 33
“Since long researchers have tried to study the effects of commercial agriculture on smallholder livelihoods in general (See for example [26,36,37] and the effects of certain business models e.”
BackgroundPham, T. T., Dang, H. L., Ngọc, P. T. Á., & Dang, H. (2021) · Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jadee-05-2021-0107 · Cited by 33
Producers, consumers, and value chains in low- and middle-income countries
Bellemare, M. F., Bloem, J. R., & Lim, S. (2022) · Handbook of agricultural economics · doi:10.1016/bs.hesagr.2022.03.005 · Cited by 39
Does contract farming improve profits and food safety? Evidence from tomato cultivation in Nepal
Kumar, A., Roy, D., Tripathi, G., Joshi, P. K., & Adhikari, R. (2018) · Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jadee-09-2017-0095 · Cited by 31
Institutional arrangements of outgrower sugarcane production in Southern Africa
von Maltitz, G. P., Henley, G., Ogg, M., Samboko, P. C., Gasparatos, A., Read, M., Engelbrecht, F., & Ahmed, A. (2018) · Development Southern Africa · doi:10.1080/0376835x.2018.1527215 · Cited by 31
“In addition, many of the large sugar mills source additional sugarcane from small produces referred to as outgrowers(1) (Glover, 1984; Richardson, 2010).”
BackgroundContract Farming in Developing Countries
Bijman, J. (2008) · Cited by 31
United Fruit Company in Latin America
Bucheli, M. (2003) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822385288-004 · Cited by 31
Supply Chains in Export Agriculture, Competition, and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
Porto, G. G., Chauvin, N. D., & Olarreaga, M. (2011) · Cited by 29
Contract farming and the remaking of agrarian landscapes: Insights from South India's chilli belt
Pritchard, B., & Connell, J. (2011) · Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2011.00424.x · Cited by 28
Masuku, M. B., Kirsten, J. F., van Rooyen, C. J., & Perret, S. (2003) · Agrekon · doi:10.1080/03031853.2003.9523619 · Cited by 27
“Glover (1984) and Goldsmith (1985) attempted to demonstrate the technical efficiency of out-grower schemes and the positive role that they can play in overall agricultural development.”
BackgroundBrüntrup, M., Schwarz, F., Absmayr, T., Dylla, J., Eckhard, F., Remke, K., & Sternisko, K. (2018) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-018-0797-0 · Cited by 26
“Compared to pure large-scale farming, they are assumed to require fewer land acquisitions, distribute wealth more equitably, disturb rural social structures less radically, and have a higher support from governments (e.g. Glover 1984; Humado 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhen do Agricultural Exports Help the Rural Poor? A Political-economy Approach
Berry, A. (2001) · Oxford Development Studies · doi:10.1080/13600810120059770 · Cited by 25
“Glover (1984), Tiffen (1995) and others have pointed to the fact that small farm links with, and subcontracting to, large intermediaries may be a good recipe for sharing the bene ts of trade.”
BackgroundUrban-Rural Linkages: Research Themes and Directions
Funnell, D. (1988) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1080/04353684.1988.11879571 · Cited by 25
Grower heterogeneity and the gains from contract farming
Ramaswami, B., Birthal, P. S., & Joshi, P. K. (2009) · Indian Growth and Development Review · doi:10.1108/17538250910953462 · Cited by 24
“Besides the above, papers that discuss the economic logic of these contracts include Glover (1984, 1987), Grosh (1994), Simmons et al. (2005) and Winters et al. (2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialWilson, B. (2013) · Human Organization · doi:10.17730/humo.72.3.f678404745007011 · Cited by 24
“Over the past three decades, there has 180 HUMAN ORGANIZATION been widespread support for contract farming by advocates of market-led rural development because it favors the integration of peasant farmers into global agro-food networks (Glover 1984; Glover and Kusterer 1990; Little and Watts 1994).”
BackgroundSzulecka, J. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11020493 · Cited by 25
Impact of contract farming on income: Linking small farmers, packers, and supermarket in ChinaPreprint
Miyata, S., Minot, N., & Hu, D. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 23
CAN SMALL-SCALE FARMERS BE LINKED TO AGRIBUSINESS? THE TIMBER EXPERIENCE
Sartorius, K., & Kirsten, J. F. (2002) · Agrekon · doi:10.1080/03031853.2002.9523600 · Cited by 21
“…that the spot market is unlikely to be as Agrekon, Vol 41, No 4 (December 2002) Sartorius & Kirsten synchronised as contracting with respect to ensuring the continuous supply of a uniform quality raw commodity (Glover, 1984; Kilmer, 1986; Glover, 1994; Mahoney, 1992; Hennessy, 1996; Azzam, 1996).”
Background2. Linking smallholder farmers to high quality food chains: appraising institutional arrangements
Royer, A., Bijman, J., & Bitzer, V. (2016) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-825-4_2 · Cited by 21
“Several studies claim that farm groups, such as formal or informal POs, may support the efficiency and equity of CF (Glover, 1984; Coulter et al., 1999; Key and Runsten, 1999).”
BackgroundContracting Out: Plantations, Smallholders and Transnational Enterprise
Kirk, C. (1987) · IDS Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.1987.mp18002008.x · Cited by 21
Contract farming in Costa Rica: opportunities for smallholders?
Sáenz-Ségura, F. (2006) · doi:10.18174/121800 · Cited by 20
“Contracts have the potential to provide mechanisms for the incorporation of small and lowincome farmers into the market economy (Glover, 1984; Key and Runsten, 1999).”
BackgroundTiongco, M., Catelo, & Lapar, M. L. (2008) · CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · Cited by 20
Contract farming in Swaziland: Peasant differentiation and the constraints of land tenure
Levin, R. (1988) · African Studies · doi:10.1080/00020188808707693 · Cited by 19
One size fits all? Contract farming among broiler producers in China
Huang, Z., Xu, Y., Zeng, D., Wang, C., & Wang, J. (2018) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61752-0 · Cited by 18
“In the past decades, contract farming has observed increasing popularity in agrarian economies (Glover 1984; Nguyen et al. 2015).”
BackgroundElepu, G., & Nalukenge, I. (2009) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 18
Perishability and market power in Nepalese food crop production
Kopp, T., & Mishra, A. K. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/1477-9552.12463 · Cited by 17
Making it personal: breach and private ordering in a contract farming experiment
Kunte, S., Wollni, M., & Keser, C. (2016) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbw007 · Cited by 16
The production relations of contract farming in Honduras
Imbruce, V. (2008) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-008-9179-z · Cited by 15
“Contract farming is considered a way to unleash the potential of small farmers for rural development (Glover 1984).”
BackgroundRecompositions inattendues d’un système agraire malgache par l’agrobusiness
Medernach, K., & Burnod, P. (2013) · Études rurales · doi:10.4000/etudesrurales.9777 · Cited by 14
Itinéraires d'accumulation au Cameroun
(1993) · Collection Histoire africaine · doi:10.3917/kart.gesch.1993.01.0375 · Cited by 13
Sitko, N. J., Chisanga, B., Tschirley, D., & Jayne, T. S. (2018) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-018-0767-6 · Cited by 13
“2006); 3) increase product supply through investments in improved storage and technology provision to producers (Kirsten and Sartorius 2002; Rama 1998; Wendt and Pederson 2006; Warning and Key 2002; Glover 1984), and; 4) increase cross border trade (Ayadi et al.”
BackgroundPerformance of Broiler Contract Farmers: A Case Study in Perak, Malaysia
Majid, R. B., & Hassan, S. (2014) · UMK Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.umkpro.2014.07.003 · Cited by 12
“Glover (1983, 1987) is more positive about the potential of contract farming.”
BackgroundUpton, J., & Lentz, E. (2017) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12385 · Cited by 13
Smalley, R., Sulle, E. B., & Malale, L. (2014) · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Glover, D. J.
- Affiliations
- International Development Research Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Glover, David J.
- Venue
- World Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1984-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 11-12
- Pages
- 1143-1157
- ISSN
- 0305-750X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973212733
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 11.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- World Development (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agricultural Innovations and Practices
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agricultural economics and policies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies
- Keywords
- contract farming, outgrower schemes, smallholder farmers, technology transfer, market access, developing countries, agricultural development
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