The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Different effects of prolonged exercise on the right and left ventricles
Open accessAbstract
To examine the functional consequences of the greater increase in right ventricular work with exercise, the effects of prolonged exercise on the right and left heart chambers were compared in 41 athletes before, at the finish (13 min) and after recovery (28 h) from the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon (3.9 km swim, 180.2 km bike ride, 42.2 km run). Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiograms were analyzed for left and right atrial and ventricular areas at end-diastole and end-systole, right and left ventricular inflow velocities and mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. After exercise, left ventricular and left and right atrial sizes were reduced, whereas right ventricular size increased (diastole: 21.4 to 24.2 cm2; systole: 15.8 to 18.2 cm2; p less than 0.01). The emptying fraction of all chambers was unchanged. Left but not right ventricular inflow showed an increase in peak velocity of rapid filling, whereas both atrial systolic velocities increased (26 to 38 cm/s tricuspid; 38 to 54 cm/s mitral; both p less than 0.01). Overall, the right ventricular early to atrial velocity ratio was reduced after exercise (1.56 to 1.17; p less than 0.05) and the left ventricular pattern was unchanged. The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation was statistically unchanged (86% to 52%), although that of mitral regurgitation was greatly reduced (76% to 0%). Changes in all variables returned toward prerace values during recovery. Thus, in highly trained athletes, prolonged exercise causes differing responses of the right and left ventricles. These differences may be due to changes in right ventricular function, shape or compliance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, right ventricular (RV) function may be more profoundly affected by intense endurance exercise 6 -10”
From Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes.
Helmcke, F. R., Nanda, N. C., Hsiung, M. C., Soto, B., Adey, C. K., Goyal, R. G., & Gatewood, R. P. (1987) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.75.1.175 · Cited by 1,219
Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography
Kaul, S., Tei, C., Hopkins, J. M., & Shah, P. M. (1984) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(84)90095-4 · Cited by 1,038
Comparing the Means of Several Groups
Godfrey, K. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198512053132305 · Cited by 740
Preload dependence of doppler-derived indexes of left ventricular diastolic function in humans
Choong, C. Y. P., Herrmann, H. C., Weyman, A. E., & Fifer, M. A. (1987) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(87)80273-5 · Cited by 623
Rokey, R., Kuo, L. C., Zoghbi, W. A., Limacher, M. C., & Quiñones, M. A. (1985) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.71.3.543 · Cited by 529
Spirito, P., Maron, B. J., & Bonow, R. O. (1986) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80461-2 · Cited by 424
Miyatake, K., Okamoto, M., Kinoshita, N., Owa, M., Nakasone, I., Sakakibara, H., & Nimura, Y. (1984) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90035-3 · Cited by 390
Determination of right atrial and right ventricular size by two-dimensional echocardiography.
Bommer, W. J., Weinert, L., Neumann, A., Neef, J., Mason, D. T., & DeMaria, A. N. (1979) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.60.1.91 · Cited by 282
Cardiac fatigue after prolonged exercise.
Douglas, P. S., OʼToole, M. L., Hiller, W. D. B., Hackney, K., & Reichek, N. (1987) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.76.6.1206 · Cited by 264
Self-citationThe effect of exercise on the cardiac output and circulatory dynamics of normal subjects.
Donald, K. W., BISHOP, J. M., Cumming, G., & Wade, O. L. (1955) · PubMed · Cited by 255
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Braunwald, 1967, An analysis of the cardiac response to exercise, Circ Res, 21, I-44
- Stanek, 1973, Central haemodynamics during supine exercise and pulmonary artery occulsion in normal subjects, Bull Physiopath Resp, 9, 1203
- Ekelund, 1967, Central hemodynamics during exercise, Circ Res, 20/21, I-33
- Douglas, 1988, Relation of Doppler indices to other measures of diastolic left ventricular function (abstr), J Am Coll Cardiol, 11, 119A
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–175 of 175
Right ventricular changes in highly trained athletes: Between physiology and pathophysiology
D’Andrea, A., Morello, A., Iacono, A. M., Scarafile, R., Cocchia, R., Riegler, L., Pezzullo, E., Golia, E., Bossone, E., Calabrò, R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cardiovascular Echography · doi:10.4103/2211-4122.172486 · Cited by 18
Can the Heart Get an Overuse Sports Injury?
Thompson, P. D., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Kim, J. H. (2022) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evidra2200175 · Cited by 15
Odak, M., Douedi, S., Mararenko, A., Alshami, A., Elkherpitawy, I., Douedi, H., Zacks, E. S., & Sealove, B. A. (2022) · Cardiology Research · doi:10.14740/cr1373 · Cited by 15
Buchan, T. A., Wright, S. P., Esfandiari, S., Fuchs, F. C., Gray, T., Currie, K. D., Sasson, S. M., Sasson, Z., Mak, S. S., & Goodman, J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00413.2018 · Cited by 15
The effect of weightlifting upon left ventricular function and markers of cardiomyocyte damage
Stephenson, C. E., McCarthy, J., Vikelis, E., Shave, R., Whyte, G. P., Gaze, D. C., & George, K. (2005) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130500101114 · Cited by 14
Qasem, M., George, K., Somauroo, J. D., Forsythe, L., Brown, B., & Oxborough, D. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1499392 · Cited by 13
'Ultra' coronary arteries: bigger and better?
Levine, B. D., & Mitchell, J. H. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.4.1402 · Cited by 12
Yoon, H. J., Kim, K. H., Hornsby, K., Park, J., Park, H., Kim, H. Y., Cho, J. Y., Ahn, Y., Jeong, M. H., & Cho, J. G. (2021) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2020.0484 · Cited by 11
Congenital heart disease and exercise
Dent, J. M. (2003) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(02)00093-5 · Cited by 11
Left ventricular systolic performance during prolonged strenuous exercise in female triathletes
McGavock, J., Haykowsky, M. J., Warburton, D. E. R., Taylor, D. A., Quinney, A., & Welsh, R. C. (2003) · Dynamic Medicine · doi:10.1186/1476-5918-2-2 · Cited by 11
Gonschior, P., Gerheuser, F., Lehr, A., WELSCH, U. N., & H�fling, B. (1995) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/bf00789445 · Cited by 11
Clinical Consequences of Intense Endurance Exercise Must Include Assessment of the Right Ventricle
Gerche, A. L., Prior, D., & Heidbüchel, H. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.036 · Cited by 11
Lakin, R., Debi, R., Yang, S., Polidovitch, N., Goodman, J. M., & Backx, P. H. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00603.2020 · Cited by 11
Cardiac function following prolonged exercise: influence of age
Banks, L., Sasson, Z., Esfandiari, S., Busato, G., & Goodman, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2010 · Cited by 10
Exercise Training In Athletes With Heart Disease
Fernández, A. B., & Thompson, P. D. (2017) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.05.004 · Cited by 10
Time-course of changes in cardiac function during recovery after acute exercise
Wonders, K. Y., Hydock, D. S., & Hayward, R. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-127 · Cited by 9
The trivest in overreaching syndrome: Cardiac fatigue, muscular weakness, and vascular dysfunction
Kaşıkçıoğlu, E., Oflaz, H., Öncül, A., Kayserilioğlu, A., Umman, S., & Nişancí, Y. (2007) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.04.089 · Cited by 9
The Right Heart: Acute and Chronic Issues
Churchill, T. W., & Baggish, A. L. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-017-0581-z · Cited by 9
Long-term follow-up of former world-class swimmers: evaluation of cardiovascular function
Knackstedt, C., Schmidt, K. G., Syrocki, L., Lang, A., Bjarnason‐Wehrens, B., Hildebrandt, U., & Predel, H. (2014) · Heart and Vessels · doi:10.1007/s00380-014-0481-z · Cited by 8
Cardiac fatigue and oxygen kinetics after prolonged exercise
Kaşıkçıoğlu, E., Arslan, A., Topcu, B., Şayli̇, Ö., Akhan, H., Oflaz, H., Akın, A., Kayserilioğlu, A., & Meriç, M. (2005) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.03.014 · Cited by 8
Benda, N. M. M., Hopman, M. T. E., van Dijk, A. P. J., Oxborough, D., George, K., Thijssen, D. H. J., & Eijsvogels, T. M. H. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316631389 · Cited by 8
Lasocka, Z., Lewicka-Potocka, Z., Kaleta-Duss, A. M., Bulman, N., Marciniak, E., Kalinowski, L., Lewicka, E., & Dąbrowska-Kugacka, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1547894 · Cited by 7
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: A biventricular disease in search of a cure
Thiene, G., & Marcus, G. M. (2012) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.11.009 · Cited by 7
Extreme exertion and right ventricular function
Hammermeister, K. E., & Morrison, D. A. (1990) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(90)90177-q · Cited by 7
Kurtoğlu, A., Kurtoğlu, E., Konar, N., Çar, B., Eken, Ö., Prieto-González, P., & Nobarı, H. (2023) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00651-1 · Cited by 6
Are There Clinical Cardiac Complications From Too Much Exercise?
Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Thompson, P. D. (2017) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000322 · Cited by 6
Pathology of Sudden Death in Young Athletes: The European Experience
Thiene, G., Basso, C., & Corrado, D. (2000) · Developments in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0789-3_5 · Cited by 6
Myocardial Growth and the Development and Regression of Increased Ventricular Mass
Perloff, J. K. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5894-6.50027-7 · Cited by 5
Exercise-Induced Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Gerche, A. L., & Heidbüchel, H. (2013) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2012.11.001 · Cited by 5
Guidelines for performing angiography in patients taking metformin
Heupler, F. A. (1998) · Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199802)43:2 · Cited by 46
Tran, M., Kwon, A., Holt, D., Kierle, R., Fitzgerald, B., Scalia, I. G., Scalia, W. M., Holt, G. W., & Scalia, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101756 · Cited by 5
Seasonal variation of right heart function in elite skiers-racers: an echocardiographic study
Dernovoj, B., Nuzhny, V. P., & Prosheva, V. I. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04907-5 · Cited by 4
Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Magnani, B., Melandri, G., Semprini, F., Labanti, G., & Pantoli, D. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76652-7_21 · Cited by 4
Batra, A. S., & Balaji, S. (2012) · Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00246-012-0159-1 · Cited by 4
From altus to parvus: cardiac fatigue in athletes
Kasikcioglu, E. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm055 · Cited by 4
Castillo, J. M. D., Boschilia, T., Sabeh, N., Silveira, C. A. D. M., & Brindeiro, D. (2023) · ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CARDIOLOGIA - IMAGEM CARDIOVASCULAR · doi:10.36660/abcimg.2023372 · Cited by 3
L'entraînement en triathlon : synthèse et perspectives de recherche
Vleck, V. E. (2003) · Science & Motricité · doi:10.3917/sm.050.0033 · Cited by 3
The Acute Impact of Endurance Exercise on Right Ventricular Structure and Function
Ramcharan, T., Edwards, J. J., O’Driscoll, J. M., & Papadakis, M. (2022) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2022.08.004 · Cited by 3
DIASTOLIC PERFORMANCE AFTER PROLONGED EXERCISE
Kaşıkçıoğlu, E. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000149775.97071.f0 · Cited by 3
Pathology of Cardiac Diseases at Risk of Sudden Death in Athletes
Corrado, D., Basso, C., & Thiene, G. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2298-0_15 · Cited by 3
Castillo, J. M. D., Boschilia, T., Sabeh, N., Silveira, C. A. D. M., & Brindeiro, D. (2023) · ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CARDIOLOGIA - IMAGEM CARDIOVASCULAR · doi:10.36660/abcimg.2023372i · Cited by 2
The Acute Impact of Endurance Exercise on Right Ventricular Structure and Function
Ramcharan, T., Edwards, J. J., O’Driscoll, J. M., & Papadakis, M. (2024) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2023.09.005 · Cited by 2
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy and Sports-Related Sudden Death
Schiavon, M., Zorzi, A., Basso, C., Pelliccia, A., Thiene, G., & Corrado, D. (2011) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2011.02.010 · Cited by 2
Gay-Jordi, G., Serrano‐Mollar, A., Guasch, E., Shi, Y., Tardif, J., Brugada, J., Nattel, S., & Mont, L. (2011) · Cited by 2
Exercise capacity in adult patients after Fontan procedure. (RCD code: IV-5B.1)
Smaś-Suska, M., Weryński, P., Dłużniewska, N., Olszowska, M., Podolec, P. S., & Pająk, L. T. (2016) · Journal of Rare Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.20418/jrcd.vol2no8.238 · Cited by 2
Athlete’s Heart: Basic Physiology and Adaptation to Exercise
Schmied, C. M., & Wilhelm, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35374-2_3 · Cited by 2
Ness, H. O., Ljones, K., Pinho, M., & Høydal, M. A. (2020) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep200022 · Cited by 2
Right ventricle and interventricular interaction
Levchuk, M. N., & Бондаренко, Б. Б. (2010) · Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) · doi:10.18705/1607-419x-2010-16-3-321-324 · Cited by 2
Ventricular Arrhythmias and Heart Failure
Ellis, E. R., & Josephson, M. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4219-5_15 · Cited by 2
PHYSIOLOGY OF ADVENTURE RACING - WITH EMPHASIS ON CIRCULATORY RESPONSE AND CARDIAC FATIGUE
Mattsson, C. M. (2011) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 2
OBSOLETE: Physiological Adaptations of the Heart in Elite Athletes
D’Andrea, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.99712-5 · Cited by 1
Influence of a 7‐day Transalpine Trail Run on cardiac biomarkers and myocardial function
Esefeld, K., Geisberger, M., Dinges, S. M.-T., Hambrecht, J., Stegmüller, F. M., Rasper, M., Nadjiri, J., Röschenthaler, F., Holdenrieder, S., Scharhag, J., et al. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14590 · Cited by 1
Exercise-Induced Right Heart Disease in Athletes
Prior, D., & Gerche, A. L. (2014) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1065-6_15 · Cited by 1
D’Andrea, A., Corte, A. D., Padalino, R., Limongelli, G., Scarafile, R., Fratta, F., Pezzullo, E., Fusco, A., Pisacane, F., Coppola, G., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cardiovascular Echography · doi:10.4103/2211-4122.158418 · Cited by 1
Physiological and pathological cardiac adaptations to physical exercise
D’Andrea, A., Gambardella, F., & Picano, E. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95221-7.00001-x · Cited by 1
Goodman, J. M. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470694930.ch6 · Cited by 1
Mousavi, N., Czarnecki, A., Kumar, K., Fallah‐Rad, N., Lytwyn, M., Han, S.-Y., Francis, A., Kirkpatrick, I. D., Neilan, T. G., Sharma, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1186/1532-429x-11-s1-o74 · Cited by 1
Endurance Exercise and the Heart: Multiple Benefits but Many Unanswered Questions
Neilan, T. G., & Wood, M. J. (2009) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2009.05.008 · Cited by 1
Physiological Adaptations of the Heart in Elite Athletes
D’Andrea, A., Radmilovic, J., Riegler, L., Scarafile, R., Liccardo, B., Formisano, T., Carbone, A., America, R., Martone, F., Scherillo, M., et al. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809657-4.99712-6 · Cited by 1
Riding, N. R. (2016) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00004586
Pathophysiological mechanisms of arrhythmogenic right ventricular disorders
Hoogendijk, M. G. (2013) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)
Normal values of right ventricular echocardiographic parameters
Khajali, Z. (2013) · Research in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.5812/cardiovascmed.14760
Hosokawa, H., Nishimura, T., Yoshiwara, S., & Nakamura, E. J. (2002) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon.1996.571007
Muerte súbita en deportistas Importancia del reconocimiento de las miocardiopatías
Pérez, A., & González‐Zuelgaray, J. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)
Scott, J. M. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0077033
Yoshihara, S., Nishimura, T., Hosokawa, H., Hamamoto, K., & Saito, M. (1997) · IEEJ Transactions on Electronics Information and Systems · doi:10.1541/ieejeiss1987.117.6_684
Exercise-Induced Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Seek and You Will Find
Heidbüchel, H. (2013)
and Sports-Related Sudden Death
Schiavon, M., Zorzi, A., Basso, C., Pelliccia, A., Thiene, G., & Corrado, D. (2011)
Effect of Endurance Sport on the Right Heart
Manolis, A. S., & Manolis, A. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73764-5_6
Exercise-induced right ventricular impairment and arrhythmia susceptibility in mice
Lakin, R. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Buchan, T. A. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Predicting the Sudden Death in the Athlete
Corrado, D., Basso, C., Schiavon, M., & Thiene, G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/88-470-0371-7_46
Heidbüchel, H., & Gerche, A. L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2398-9_3
Ventricular Arrhythmias and Heart Failure
Keane, S., Ellis, E. R., Josephson, M. E., & Callans, D. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12626-9_21
Metadata
- Authors
- Douglas, P. S., O'Toole, M. L., Miller, W. D. B., & Reichek, N.
- Affiliations
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Baptist Memorial Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Douglas, Pamela S.
- ORCID
- Douglas, Pamela S.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-69
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077549315
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- prolonged exercise, right ventricle, left ventricle, right ventricular hypertrophy, athletes, triathlon, cardiac chamber dimensions, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, post-exercise recovery, right ventricular compliance, echocardiography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bicycling, Coronary Circulation, Echocardiography, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Male, Myocardial Contraction, Physical Endurance, Running, Stroke Volume, Swimming, Echocardiography, Doppler, Ventricular Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review