CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3,413

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Composition of the Continental Crust

Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S.·2003·Treatise on Geochemistry
DOI 10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 6 references

Research works printed but not linked: 279

  1. Albarede, 1998, The growth of continental crust, vol. 296, 1
  2. Alirezaei, 2002, Mass balance during gabbro-amphibolite transition, Bamble sector, Norway: implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the gabbros, Lithos, 60, 21, 10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00076-7 · DOI
  3. Anderson, 1982, Parental basalts in subduction zones: implications for continental evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7047, 10.1029/JB087iB08p07047 · DOI
  4. Aoki, 1971, Petrology of mafic inclusion from Itinome-gata, Japan, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 30, 314, 10.1007/BF00404726 · DOI
  5. Baldridge, 1979, Mafic and ultramafic inclusion suites from the Rio Grande Rift (New Mexico) and their bearing on the composition and thermal state of the lithosphere, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 6, 319, 10.1016/0377-0273(79)90009-X · DOI
  6. Barth, 2000, Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust, Chem. Geol., 165, 197, 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00173-4 · DOI
  7. Barth, 2002, Re–Os and U–Pb geochronological constraints on the eclogite-tonalite connection in the Archean Man Shield, West Africa, Precamb. Res., 118, 267, 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00111-0 · DOI
  8. Beck, 2002, The nature of orogenic crust in the central Andes, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 107, 10.1029/2000JB000124 · DOI
  9. Behn, 2003, The relationship between seismic P-wave velocity and the composition of anhydrous igneous and meta-igneous rocks, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 4, 10.1029/2002GC000393 · DOI
  10. Berckhemer, 1969, Direct evidence for the composition of the lower crust and Moho, Tectonophysics, 8, 97, 10.1016/0040-1951(69)90083-3 · DOI
  11. Berg, 1989, A petrologic geotherm from a continental rift in Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 93, 98, 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90187-8 · DOI
  12. Bida, 2000, Discovery of calcium in Mercury's atmosphere, Nature, 404, 159, 10.1038/35004521 · DOI
  13. Bohlen, 1989, Origin of granulite terranes and the formation of the lowermost continental crust, Science, 244, 326, 10.1126/science.244.4902.326 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Borodin, 1998, Estimated chemical composition and petrochemical evolution of the upper continental crust, Geochem. Int., 37, 723
  15. Bradley, 1984, vol. 11B, 205
  16. Broadhurst, 1986, Mineral reactions in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau: implications for lower crustal conditions and fluid composition, vol. 24, 331
  17. Brittan, 1996, Seismic velocity, heterogeneity, and the composition of the lower crust, Tectonophysics, 264, 249, 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00130-8 · DOI
  18. Brittan, 1997, Wide-angle seismic velocities in heterogeneous crust, Geophys. J. Int., 129, 269, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb01580.x · DOI
  19. Burke, 1990, Seismic properties of rocks from an exposure of extended continental crust—new laboratory measurements from the Ivrea zone, Tectonophysics, 182, 119, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90346-A · DOI
  20. Cameron, 1998, Xenoliths of Grenvillian granulite basement constrain models for the origin of voluminous Tertiary rhyolites, Davis Mountains, west Texas, Geology, 26, 1087, 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<1087:XOGGBC>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  21. Cameron, 1992, Contrasting styles of pre-Cenozoic and mid-Tertiary crustal evolution in northern Mexico: evidence from deep crustal xenoliths from La Olivina, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17353, 10.1029/92JB01493 · DOI
  22. Campbell, 1985, No water, no granites—no oceans, no continents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 1061, 10.1029/GL010i011p01061 · DOI
  23. Chen, 2001, Thermal and petrological structure of the lithosphere beneath Hannuoba, Sino-Korean craton, China: evidence from xenoliths, Lithos, 56, 267, 10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00065-7 · DOI
  24. Chen, 1995, Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of lower crustal xenoliths, San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona, USA, Lithos, 36, 203, 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00018-6 · DOI
  25. Chen, 1994, Dating lower crust and upper-mantle events—an ion microprobe study of xenoliths from kimberlitic pipes, South-Australia, Lithos, 32, 77, 10.1016/0024-4937(94)90022-1 · DOI
  26. Chen, 1998, Combined U–Pb dating and Sm–Nd studies on lower crustal and mantle xenoliths from the delegate basaltic pipes, southeastern Australia, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 130, 154, 10.1007/s004100050356 · DOI
  27. Clarke, 1889, The relative abundance of the chemical elements, Phil. Soc. Washington Bull., XI, 131
  28. Clarke, 1924, The composition of the Earth's crust, USGS Professional Paper, 127, 117
  29. Clitheroe, 2000, The crustal thickness of Australia, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 105, 13697, 10.1029/1999JB900317 · DOI
  30. Cogley, 1984, Continental margins and the extent and number of the continents, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 22, 101, 10.1029/RG022i002p00101 · DOI
  31. Cohen, 1984, Isotope geochemistry of xenoliths from East Africa: implications for development of mantle reservoirs and their interaction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 68, 209, 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90153-5 · DOI
  32. Collerson, 1988, Granulite xenoliths from the Bearpaw mountains, Montana: constraints on the character and evolution of lower continental crust, Terra Cognita, 8
  33. Condie, 1993, Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results form surface samples and shales, Chem. Geol., 104, 1, 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90140-E · DOI · Paper page
  34. Condie, 1999, The crust of the Colorado plateau: new views of an old arc, J. Geol., 107, 387, 10.1086/314363 · DOI
  35. Condie, 1999, Geochemistry, Nd and Sr isotopes, and U/Pb zircon ages of Navajo Volcanic Field, Four Corners area, southwestern United States, Chem. Geol., 156, 95, 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00176-4 · DOI
  36. Davis, 1977, The ages and uranium contents of zircons from kimberlites and associated rocks, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yearbook, 76, 631
  37. Davis, 1977, Age of zircon from a crustal xenolith, Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yearbook, 77, 897
  38. Davis, 1997, U–Pb zircon and rutile ages from granulite xenoliths in the Slave province: evidence for mafic magmatism in the lower crust coincident with Proterozoic dike swarms, Geology, 25, 343, 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0343:UPZARA>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  39. Dawson, 1977, Sub-cratonic crust and upper-mantle models based on xenolith suites in kimberlite and nephelinitic diatremes, J. Geol. Soc., 134, 173, 10.1144/gsjgs.134.2.0173 · DOI
  40. Dawson, 1987, Reduced sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace Kimberlite, South Africa: implications for the deep structure of the Kaapvaal Craton, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95, 376, 10.1007/BF00371851 · DOI
  41. Dawson, 1997, Equilibration and reaction in Archaean quartz-sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace Kimberlite pipe, South Africa, J. Metamorph. Geol., 15, 253, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00017.x · DOI
  42. Dessai, 1999, Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths in lamprophyres from the Deccan Traps: implications for the nature of the deep crust boundary in western India, Min. Mag., 63, 703, 10.1180/minmag.1999.063.5.08 · DOI
  43. Dessai, 1999, Thermal structure of the lithosphere beneath the Deccan Trap along the western Indian continental margin: evidence from xenolith data, J. Geol. Soc. India, 54, 585, 10.17491/jgsi/1999/540602 · DOI
  44. Dobosi, 2003, Lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: Part 2. Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf and O isotope evidence for formation of continental lower crust by tectonic emplacement of oceanic crust, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 144, 671, 10.1007/s00410-002-0422-1 · DOI
  45. Dodge, 1988, Fragments of the mantle and crust from beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith: xenoliths in a volcanic pipe near Big Creek, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 938, 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0938:FOTMAC>2.3.CO;2 · DOI
  46. Dodge, 1986, Lower crustal xenoliths, Chinese Peak lava flow, central Sierra Nevada, J. Petrol., 27, 1277, 10.1093/petrology/27.6.1277 · DOI
  47. Domenick, 1983, Nd and Sr isotopic study of crustal and mantle inclusions from the Sierra Nevada and implications for batholith petrogenesis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 713, 10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<713:NASISO>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  48. Dostal, 1979, Rare earth elements in high-grade metamorphic rocks from the western Alps, Lithos, 12, 41, 10.1016/0024-4937(79)90061-6 · DOI
  49. Dostal, 1980, Geochemistry and petrology of meta-igneous granulitic xenoliths in Neogene volcanic rocks of the Massif Central, France—implications for the lower crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 50, 31, 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90117-X · DOI
  50. Downes, 1993, The nature of the lower continental crust of Europe petrological and geochemical evidence from xenoliths, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 79, 195, 10.1016/0031-9201(93)90148-3 · DOI
  51. Downes, 1990, Crustal evolution of the Hercynian belt of western Europe: evidence from lower-crustal granulitic xenoliths (French Massif-Central), Chem. Geol., 83, 209, 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90281-B · DOI
  52. Downes, 1991, Pb and O isotope systematics in granulite facies xenoliths, French Massif-Central—implications for crustal processes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 102, 342, 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90028-G · DOI
  53. Downes, 2002, Proterozoic zircon ages from lower crustal granulite xenoliths, Kola Peninsula, Russia: evidence for crustal growth and reworking, J. Geol. Soc., 159, 485, 10.1144/0016-764901-162 · DOI
  54. Drummond, 1988, A review of crust upper mantle structure in the Precambrian areas of Australia and implications for Precambrian crustal evolution, Precamb. Res., 40, 101, 10.1016/0301-9268(88)90063-0 · DOI
  55. Drummond, 1990, A model for trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: archean to modern comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 21503, 10.1029/JB095iB13p21503 · DOI
  56. Ducea, 2001, The California arc: thick granitic batholiths, eclogitic residues, lithospheric-scale thrusting, and magmatic flare-ups, GSA Today, 11, 4, 10.1130/1052-5173(2001)011<0004:TCATGB>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  57. Ducea, 1996, Buoyancy sources for a large, unrooted mountain range, the Sierra Nevada, California: evidence from xenolith thermobarometry, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 101, 8229, 10.1029/95JB03452 · DOI
  58. Ducea, 1998, The age and origin of a thick mafic-ultramafic keel from beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 133, 169, 10.1007/s004100050445 · DOI
  59. Durrheim, 1992, A seismic refraction investigation of the Archaean Kaapvaal craton, South Africa, using mine tremors as the energy source, Geophys. J. Int., 108, 812, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb03472.x · DOI
  60. Durrheim, 1994, The evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: seismological and geochemical constraints, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15359, 10.1029/94JB00138 · DOI
  61. Eade, 1971, Chemical Evolutionary Trends of Continental Plates—preliminary Study of the Canadian Shield, Geol. Sur. Can. Bull., 179
  62. Eberz, 1991, Chemical and isotopic composition of the lower crust beneath the Meguma Lithotectonic Zone, Nova Scotia: evidence from granulite facies xenoliths, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 109, 69, 10.1007/BF00687201 · DOI
  63. Edwards, 1979, High pressure basic inclusions from the Kayrunnera kimberlitic breccia pipe in New South Wales, Australia, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 69, 185, 10.1007/BF00371861 · DOI
  64. Ehrenberg, 1979, Garnet granulite and associated xenoliths in minette and serpentinite diatremes of the Colorado Plateau, Geology, 7, 483, 10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<483:GGAAXI>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  65. Embey-Isztin, 1990, Mafic granulite and clinopyroxenite xenoliths from the Transdanubian volcanic region (Hungary): implication for the deep structure of the Pannonian Basin, Min. Mag., 54, 463, 10.1180/minmag.1990.054.376.12 · DOI
  66. Embey-Isztin, 2003, Lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: Part 1. Mineral chemistry, thermobarometry and petrology, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 144, 652, 10.1007/s00410-002-0421-2 · DOI
  67. Ertan, 1999, Fluid inclusions in mantle and lower crustal xenoliths from the Simcoe volcanic field, Washington, Chem. Geol., 154, 83, 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00125-9 · DOI
  68. Esperança, 1986, Ultramafic xenoliths from the Mt. Carmel area (Karem Maharal Volcano), Israel, Lithos, 19, 43, 10.1016/0024-4937(86)90014-9 · DOI
  69. Esperança, 1988, Lower crustal evolution under central Arizona: Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic and geochemical evidence from the mafic xenoliths of Camp Creek, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 90, 26, 10.1016/0012-821X(88)90108-2 · DOI
  70. Esser, 1993, The osmium isotopic composition of the continental crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 3093, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90296-9 · DOI
  71. Fahrig, 1968, The chemical evolution of the Canadian Shield, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 5, 1247
  72. Fountain, 1976, The Ivrea-Verbano and Strona-Ceneri zones, northern Italy: a cross-section of the continental crust—new evidence from seismic velocities of rock samples, Tectonophysics, 33, 145, 10.1016/0040-1951(76)90054-8 · DOI
  73. Fountain, 1981, Exposed cross-sections through the continental crust: implications for crustal structure, petrology, and evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 56, 263, 10.1016/0012-821X(81)90133-3 · DOI
  74. Fountain, 1995, Seismic properties of rock samples from the Pikwitonei granulite belt—God's lake domain crustal cross section, Manitoba, Can. J. Earth Sci., 33, 757, 10.1139/e96-058 · DOI
  75. Fountain, 1990, Seismic structure of the continental crust based on rock velocity measurements from the Kapuskasing uplift, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1167, 10.1029/JB095iB02p01167 · DOI
  76. Fountain, 1987, Heat production and thermal conductivity of rocks from the Pikwitonei-Sachigo continental cross section, central Manitoba: implications for the thermal structure of Archean crust, Can. J. Earth Sci., 24, 1583, 10.1139/e87-154 · DOI
  77. Francis, 1976, Corona-bearing pyroxene granulite xenoliths and the lower crust beneath Nunivak Island, Alaska, Can. Mineral., 14, 291
  78. Frey, 2002, Ancient lowlands on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL013832 · DOI
  79. Gallet, 1998, Loess geochemistry and its implications for particle origin and composition of the upper continental crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 156, 157, 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00218-5 · DOI
  80. Gao, 1998, Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in east China, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 1959, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00121-5 · DOI
  81. Gao, 1998, How mafic is the lower continental crust?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 106, 101, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00140-X · DOI
  82. Gao, 2000, Measured and calculated seismic velocities and densities for granulites from xenolith occurrences and adjacent exposed lower crustal sections: a comparative study from the North China craton, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 105, 18965, 10.1029/2000JB900100 · DOI
  83. Goldschmidt, 1933, Grundlagen der quantitativen Geochemie, Fortschr. Mienral. Kirst. Petrogr., 17, 112
  84. Gorman, 2002, Deep probe: imaging the roots of western North America, Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 375, 10.1139/e01-064 · DOI
  85. Grapes, 1986, Melting and thermal reconstitution of pelitic xenoliths, Wehr volcano, East Eifel, West Germany, J. Petrol., 27, 343, 10.1093/petrology/27.2.343 · DOI
  86. Gregoire, 1994, Oceanic mafic granulite xenoliths from the Kerguelen archipelago, Nature, 367, 360, 10.1038/367360a0 · DOI
  87. Gregoire, 1998, The meta-igneous granulite xenoliths from Kerguelen archipelago: evidence of a continent nucleation in an oceanic setting, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 133, 259, 10.1007/s004100050451 · DOI
  88. Griffin, 1986, The lower crust in eastern Australia: xenolith evidence, vol. 25, 363
  89. Griffin, 1987, Is the continental Moho the crust–mantle boundary?, Geology, 15, 241, 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<241:ITCMTC>2.0.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  90. Griffin, 1987, Geothermal profile and crust–mantle transition beneath east-central Queensland: volcanology, xenolith petrology and seismic data, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 31, 177, 10.1016/0377-0273(87)90067-9 · DOI
  91. Griffin, 1988, Conditions of diamond growth: a proton microprobe study of inclusions in West Australian diamonds, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 99, 143, 10.1007/BF00371457 · DOI
  92. Hacker, 2000, Hot and dry deep crustal xenoliths from Tibet, Science, 287, 2463, 10.1126/science.287.5462.2463 · DOI
  93. Halliday, 1984, U–Pb isotopic ages from a granulite-facies xenolith from Partan Craig in the Midland Valley of Scotland, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sci., 75, 71, 10.1017/S0263593300013730 · DOI
  94. Hanchar, 1994, Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave desert, California, J. Petrol., 35, 1377, 10.1093/petrology/35.5.1377 · DOI
  95. Harley, 1989, The origin of granulites: a metamorphic perspective, Geol. Mag., 126, 215, 10.1017/S0016756800022330 · DOI · Paper page
  96. Hart, 1981, Radioelement concentrations in the deep profile through Precambrian basement of the Vredefort structure, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 10639, 10.1029/JB086iB11p10639 · DOI
  97. Hart, 1990, Geochemistry across an exposed section of Archean crust at Vredefort, South Africa with implications for midcrustal discontinuities, Chem. Geol., 82, 21, 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90072-F · DOI
  98. Haskin, 1966, Rare earths in European shales: a redetermination, Science, 154, 507, 10.1126/science.154.3748.507 · DOI
  99. Haskin, 1966, Rare earths in sediments, J. Geophys. Res. B: Solid Earth, 71, 6091, 10.1029/JZ071i024p06091 · DOI
  100. Hattori, 2003, Re–Os isotope systematics of the Taklimakan Desert sands, moraines and river sediments around the Taklimakan Desert, and of Tibetan soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 1195, 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01206-1 · DOI
  101. Hayob, 1989, Young high-temperature granulites form the base of the crust in central Mexico, Nature, 342, 265, 10.1038/342265a0 · DOI
  102. Heier, 1973, Geochemistry of granulite facies rocks and problems of their origin, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A273, 429, 10.1098/rsta.1973.0009 · DOI
  103. Heinrichs, 1980, Terrestrial geochemistry of Cd, Bi, Tl, Pb, Zn, and Rb, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 1519, 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90116-7 · DOI
  104. Hickey-Vargas, 1995, Crustal xenoliths from Calbuco volcano, Andean southern volcanic zone—implications for crustal composition and magma–crust interaction, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 119, 331, 10.1007/BF00286933 · DOI
  105. Holbrook, 1993, Large igneous province on the US Atlantic margin and implications for magmatism during continental breakup, Nature, 364, 433, 10.1038/364433a0 · DOI
  106. Holland, 1972, Major element chemical composition of shields and the continental crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 36, 673, 10.1016/0016-7037(72)90110-X · DOI
  107. Hölttä, 2000, Petrology and geochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, eastern Finland, Lithos, 51, 109, 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00077-8 · DOI
  108. Hu, 2000, Heat flow in the continental area of China: a new data set, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 179, 407, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00126-6 · DOI
  109. Huang, 1995, The evolution of the lithosphere in southern Africa—a perspective on the basic granulite xenoliths from kimberlites in South-Africa, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 4905, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00335-5 · DOI
  110. Hunter, 1984, Meta-igneous granulite and ultramafic xenoliths from basalts of the Midland Valley of Scotland: petrology and mineralogy of the lower crust and upper mantle, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 75, 75, 10.1017/S0263593300013742 · DOI
  111. Ivanov, 1999, Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of steep-sided domes on Venus: preliminary results from regional geological mapping and implications for their origin, J. Geophys. Res. Planet., 104, 18907, 10.1029/1999JE001039 · DOI
  112. Jahn, 2001, Geochemistry of the Xining, Xifeng, and Jixian sections, Loess Plateau of China: eolian dust provenance and paleosol evolution during the last 140ka, Chem. Geol., 178, 71, 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00430-7 · DOI
  113. James, 1980, Preliminary results on the oxygen isotopic composition of the lower crust, Kilbourne Hole Maar, New Mexico, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 321, 10.1029/GL007i005p00321 · DOI
  114. Jones, 1983, Metamorphism, partial melting, and K-metasomatism of garnet-scapolite-kyanite granulite xenoliths from Lashaine, Tanzania, J. Geol., 91, 143, 10.1086/628753 · DOI
  115. Jull, 2001, On the conditions for lower crustal convective instability, J. Geophys. Res. B: Solid Earth, 106, 6423, 10.1029/2000JB900357 · DOI
  116. Kalamarides, 1987, Lateral isotopic discontinuity in the lower crust: an example from Antarctica, Science, 237, 1192, 10.1126/science.237.4819.1192 · DOI
  117. Kay, 1981, The nature of the lower continental crust: inferences from geophysics, surface geology, and crustal xenoliths, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19, 271, 10.1029/RG019i002p00271 · DOI
  118. Kay, 1991, Creation and destruction of lower continental crust, Geol. Rundsch., 80, 259, 10.1007/BF01829365 · DOI
  119. Kay, 1983, Thermal history of the deep crust inferred from granulite xenoliths, Queensland, Australia, Am. J. Sci., 283, 486
  120. Kelemen, 1995, Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 120, 1, 10.1007/BF00311004 · DOI
  121. Kempton, 1992, Oxygen-isotope evidence for large-scale hybridization of the lower crust during magmatic underplating, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 971, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90041-G · DOI
  122. Kempton, 1990, Petrology and geochemistry of lower crustal granulites from the Geronimo volcanic field, southeastern Arizona, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 3401, 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90294-U · DOI
  123. Kempton, 1995, Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths from the northern Baltic shield: evidence for partial melting and metasomatism in the lower crust beneath an Archaean terrane, Lithos, 36, 157, 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00016-X · DOI
  124. Kempton, 1997, Mafic granulite xenoliths in Neogene alkali basalts from the western Pannonian Basin: insights into the lower crust of a collapsed orogen, J. Petrol., 38, 941, 10.1093/petroj/38.7.941 · DOI
  125. Kempton, 2001, Garnet granulite xenoliths from the northern Baltic shield the underplated lower crust of a palaeoproterozoic large igneous province, J. Petrol., 42, 731, 10.1093/petrology/42.4.731 · DOI
  126. Kern, 1996, Seismic properties and densities of middle and lower crustal rocks exposed along the North China geoscience transect, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 439, 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00240-D · DOI
  127. Ketcham, 1996, Distribution of heat-producing elements in the upper and middle crust of southern and west central Arizona: evidence from core complexes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13611, 10.1029/96JB00664 · DOI
  128. Kopylova, 1995, Thermal state of the lithosphere beneath Central Mongolia: evidence from deep-seated xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Saram volcanic centre in the Tariat depression, Hangai, Mongolia, Lithos, 36, 243, 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00020-8 · DOI
  129. Le Bas, 1991, The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks, J. Geol. Soc. London, 148, 825, 10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825 · DOI
  130. Lee, 1993, Mafic granulite xenoliths from Penghu Islands: evidence for basic lower crust in SE China continental margin, J. Geol. Soc. China, 36, 351
  131. Leech, 2001, Arrested orogenic development: eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 185, 149, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5 · DOI
  132. Leeman, 1985, Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopic compositions of deep crustal xenoliths from the Snake River Plain: evidence for Archean basement, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 354, 10.1016/0012-821X(85)90179-7 · DOI
  133. Leeman, 1992, Boron geochemistry of the lower crust-evidence from granulite terranes and deep crustal xenoliths, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 775, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90097-3 · DOI
  134. LePichon, 1997, Uplift of Tibet: from eclogites to granulites-implications for the Andean Plateau and the Variscan belt, Tectonophysics, 273, 57, 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00288-0 · DOI
  135. Leyreloup, 1977, Catazonal xenoliths in French Neogene volcanic rocks: constitution of the lower crust: 2. Chemical composition and consequences of the evolution of the French Massif Central Precambrian crust, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 62, 283, 10.1007/BF00371016 · DOI
  136. Leyreloup, 1982, Petrology and geochemistry of granulite xenoliths from Central Hoggar (Algeria)—implications for the lower crust, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 79, 68, 10.1007/BF00376962 · DOI
  137. Liu, 2001, Geochemistry of lower crustal xenoliths from Neogene Hannuoba basalt, North China craton: implications for petrogenesis and lower crustal composition, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 2589, 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00609-3 · DOI
  138. Lombardo, 2000, Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: implications for the Himalayan orogeny, J. Geodynam., 30, 37, 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00026-5 · DOI
  139. Loock, 1990, Granulite facies lower crustal xenoliths from the Eifel, West Germany: petrological and geochemical aspects, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 105, 25, 10.1007/BF00320964 · DOI
  140. Lovering, 1964, The significance of primary scapolite in granulitic inclusions from deep-seated pipes, J. Petrol., 5, 195, 10.1093/petrology/5.2.195 · DOI
  141. Lovering, 1969, Granulitic and eclogitic inclusions from basic pipes at Delegate, Australia, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 21, 9, 10.1007/BF00377416 · DOI
  142. Lucassen, 1999, Metamorphism, isotopic ages and composition of lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Cretaceous Salta Rift, Argentina, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 134, 325, 10.1007/s004100050488 · DOI
  143. Luosto, 1986, Crustal structure of the baltic shield based on off-fennolora refraction data, Tectonophysics, 128, 183, 10.1016/0040-1951(86)90293-3 · DOI
  144. Luosto, 1989, The crustal structure along the POLAR profile from seismic refraction investigations, Tectonophysics, 162, 51, 10.1016/0040-1951(89)90356-9 · DOI
  145. Luosto, 1990, Crust and upper mantle structure along the DSS Baltic profile in SE Finland, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 89, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb00760.x · DOI
  146. Mackwell, 1998, High-temperature deformation of dry diabase with application to tectonics on Venus, J. Geophys. Res. B: Solid Earth, 103, 975, 10.1029/97JB02671 · DOI
  147. Markwick, 2000, Lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Arkhangelsk kimberlite pipes: petrological, geochemical and geophysical results, Lithos, 51, 135, 10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00078-X · DOI
  148. Markwick, 2001, The lower crust of SE Belarus: petrological, geophysical, and geochemical constraints from xenoliths, Tectonophysics, 339, 215, 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00040-3 · DOI
  149. Mattie, 1997, Origin of the continental crust in the Colorado Plateau: geochemical evidence from mafic xenoliths from the Navajo volcanic field, southwestern USA, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 2007, 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00071-9 · DOI
  150. Mayer, 2000, New Sm–Nd ages for the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Sesia and Sessera valleys (Northern-Italy), J. Geodynamics, 30, 147, 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00031-9 · DOI
  151. McBirney, 1973, Factors governing the stability of plagioclase at high pressures as shown by spinel-gabbro xenoliths from the Kerguelen archipelago, Am. Mineral., 58, 271
  152. McCulloch, 1982, Isotopic and geochemical studies of nodules in kimberlite have implications for the lower continental crust, Nature, 300, 166, 10.1038/300166a0 · DOI
  153. McDonough, 1995, Composition of the Earth, Chem. Geol., 120, 223, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 · DOI
  154. McDonough, 1991, The chemical and isotopic composition of the lower eastern Australian lithosphere: a review, vol. 17, 163
  155. McDonough, 1992, Potassium, rubidium, and cesium in the Earth and Moon and the evolution of the mantle of the Earth, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 1001, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90043-I · DOI
  156. McLennan, 2001, Crustal heat production and the thermal evolution of Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4019, 10.1029/2001GL013743 · DOI
  157. McLennan, 2001, Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 2, 10.1029/2000GC000109 · DOI
  158. McLennan, 1996, Heat flow and the chemical composition of continental crust, J. Geol., 104, 10.1086/629834 · DOI
  159. McLennan, 1980, Rare earth element-thorium correlations in sedimentary rocks, and the composition of the continental crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 1833, 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90232-X · DOI
  160. Mehnert, 1975, The Ivrea zone: a model of the deep crust, Neus Jahrb. Mineral. Abh., 125, 156
  161. Meltzer, 2001, Nanga Parbat crustal anisotrophy: implication for interpretation of crustal velocity structure and shear-wave splitting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2129, 10.1029/2000GL012262 · DOI
  162. Mengel, 1990, Crustal xenoliths from Tertiary volcanics of the northern Hessian depression: petrological and chemical evolution, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 104, 8, 10.1007/BF00310642 · DOI
  163. Mengel, 1991, Crustal xenoliths from Cenozoic volcanic fields of West Germany implications for structure and composition of the continental crust, Tectonophysics, 195, 271, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90215-E · DOI
  164. Meyer, 1976, Sapphirine, sillimanite, and garnet in granulite xenoliths from Stockdale kimberlite, Kansas, Am. Mineral., 61, 1194
  165. Miller, 1994, Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: a multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11623, 10.1029/94JB00059 · DOI
  166. Mittlefehldt, 1984, Genesis of clinopyroxene-amphibole xenoliths from Birket Ram: trace element and petrologic constraints, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 88, 280, 10.1007/BF00380173 · DOI
  167. Mittlefehldt, 1986, Petrology of high pressure clinopyroxenite series xenoliths, Mount Carmel, Israel, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 94, 245, 10.1007/BF00592941 · DOI
  168. Moecher, 1994, Extraction and carbon isotope analysis of CO2 from scapolite in deep crustal granulites and xenoliths, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 959, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90518-5 · DOI
  169. Mooney, 1992, Multi-genetic origin of crustal reflectivity: a review of seismic reflection profiling of the continental lower crust and Moho, 45
  170. Moser, 1997, Proterozoic zircon growth in Archean lower crust xenoliths, southern Superior craton: a consequence of Matachewan ocean opening, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 128, 164, 10.1007/s004100050301 · DOI
  171. Moser, 2001, Birth of the Kaapvaal tectosphere 3.08 billion years ago, Science, 291, 465, 10.1126/science.291.5503.465 · DOI
  172. Nasir, 1992, The lithosphere beneath the northwestern part of the Arabian plate (Jordan)—evidence from xenoliths and geophysics, Tectonophysics, 201, 357, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90242-X · DOI
  173. Nasir, 1995, Mafic lower crustal xenoliths from the northwestern part of the Arabian plate, Euro. J. Mineral., 7, 217, 10.1127/ejm/7/1/0217 · DOI
  174. Nasir, 2000, Lithospheric petrology beneath the northern part of the Arabian plate in Syria: evidence from xenoliths in alkali basalts, J. African Earth Sci., 30, 149, 10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00013-0 · DOI
  175. Nesbitt, 1984, Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 1523, 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90408-3 · DOI · Paper page
  176. Newsom, 1996, The depletion of tungsten in the bulk silicate Earth: constraints on core formation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 1155, 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00029-4 · DOI
  177. Nguuri, 2001, Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2501, 10.1029/2000GL012587 · DOI
  178. Nimz, 1986, Petrology of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath southeastern Chihuahua, Mexico, Geofísica Int., 25, 85, 10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1986.25.1.802 · DOI
  179. Niu, 2002, Fine structure of the lowermost crust beneath the Kaapvaal craton and its implications for crustal formation and evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 200, 121, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00584-8 · DOI
  180. Nyblade, 1993, A global analysis of heat flow from Precambrian terrains: implications for the thermal structure of Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12207, 10.1029/93JB00521 · DOI
  181. Okrusch, 1979, Granulite-facies metabasite ejecta in the Laacher Sea area, Eifel, West Germany, Lithos, 12, 251, 10.1016/0024-4937(79)90017-3 · DOI
  182. O'Reilly, 1988, Evolution of Phanerozoic eastern Australian lithosphere: isotopic evidence for magmatic and tectonic underplating, Vol, 89
  183. Owen, 1988, Xenoliths in a mafic dyke at Popes Harbour, Nova Scotia: implications for the basement to the Meguma Group, Can. J. Earth Sci., 25, 1464, 10.1139/e88-139 · DOI
  184. Padovani, 1982, Constraints on crustal hydration below the Colorado Plateau from Vp measurements on crustal xenoliths, Tectonophysics, 84, 313, 10.1016/0040-1951(82)90165-2 · DOI
  185. Pearcy, 1990, Mass balance calculations for two sections of island arc crust and implications for the formation of continents, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 96, 427, 10.1016/0012-821X(90)90018-S · DOI
  186. Pearson, 1995, The crust–mantle boundary beneath cratons and craton margins: a transect across the south-west margin of the Kaapvaal craton, Lithos, 36, 257, 10.1016/0024-4937(95)00021-6 · DOI
  187. Percival, 1983, Archean crust as revealed in the Kapuskasing uplift, Superior province, Canada, Geology, 11, 323, 10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<323:ACARIT>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
  188. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, 2001, Rhenium-osmium isotope systematics and platinum group element concentations: loess and the upper continental crust, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 2, 10.1029/2001GC000172 · DOI
  189. Phillips, 1992, Impact craters and Venus resurfacing history, J. Geophys. Res. Planet., 97, 15923, 10.1029/92JE01696 · DOI
  190. Pinet, 1987, The vertical distribution of radiogenic heat production in the Precambrian crust of Norway and Sweden: geothermal implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 260, 10.1029/GL014i003p00260 · DOI
  191. Plank, 1998, The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle, Chem. Geol., 145, 325, 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00150-2 · DOI · Paper page
  192. Poldervaart, 1955, The chemistry of the Earth's crust, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 62, 119, 10.1130/SPE62-p119 · DOI
  193. Quick, 1995, Emplacement of mantle peridotite in the lower continental crust, Ivrea-Verbano zone, northwest Italy, Geology, 23, 739, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0739:EOMPIT>2.3.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page
  194. Reid, 1989, Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 95, 367, 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90111-8 · DOI
  195. Roberts, 1989, Geochemical zonation and evolution of the lower crust in Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7961, 10.1029/JB094iB06p07961 · DOI
  196. Rogers, 1977, Granulite xenoliths from Lesotho kimberlites and the lower continental crust, Nature, 270, 681, 10.1038/270681a0 · DOI
  197. Rogers, 1982, Proterozoic age and cumulate origin for granulite xenoliths, Lesotho, Nature, 299, 409, 10.1038/299409a0 · DOI
  198. Ronov, 1967, Chemical structure of the Earth's crust, Geokhimiya, 11, 1285
  199. Ronov, 1976, A new model for the chemical structure of the Earth's crust, Geokhimiya, 12, 1761
  200. Ross, 1985, Mafic gneissic complex (batholithic root?) in the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, Geology, 13, 288, 10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<288:MGCBRI>2.0.CO;2 · DOI

200 of 279 shown

Cited by

See all 3,413

Metadata

Authors
Rudnick, R. L., & Gao, S.
Venue
Treatise on Geochemistry
Publisher
Elsevier
Published
2003
Pages
1-64
DOI
10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4
Cited by
3,413
References
6
Language
en
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Composition of the Continental Crust. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4
The paper
Rudnick, R. L., & Gao, S. (2003). Composition of the Continental Crust. Treatise on Geochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/03016-4