The Evolution and Future of Earth’s Nitrogen Cycle
Abstract
Nitrogen's Past and Future: Microorganisms have been controlling Earth's nitrogen cycle since life originated. With life evolving around it, nitrogen became both an essential nutrient and a major regulator of climate. Canfield et al. (p. 192 ) review the major changes in the nitrogen cycle throughout Earth's history. Most of the time, perturbations typically coincided with the evolution of new metabolic pathways in various Bacteria or Archaea. The last century, however, has seen humans push the biological nitrogen cycle into a new stage altogether. The addition of large quantities of fixed nitrogen to crops in the form of fertilizer chokes out aquatic life that relies on runoff and adds significant amounts of N 2 O—a potent greenhouse gas—to the atmosphere. Although microorganisms may one day restore balance to the nitrogen cycle that they helped shape for billions of years, humans must modify their behavior or risk causing irreversible changes to life on Earth.
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Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles have been substantially modified over the last century.
“Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles have been substantially modified over the last century.”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
Nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have doubled in the past century through increased fertilizer use.
“Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in soils have doubled in the past century through increased fertilizer use ( 8, 9, 48 ).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Canfield, D. E., Glazer, A. N., & Falkowski, P. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Canfield, Donald E.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2010-10-08
- Volume
- 330
- Issue
- 6001
- Pages
- 192-196
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1987490818
- Cited by
- 2,697
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 236 · 2024: 261 · 2023: 250 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 232 · 2020: 226 · 2019: 179 · 2018: 155 · 2017: 134 · 2016: 125 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
- Keywords
- nitrogen cycling, atmospheric nitrogen, early Earth, microbial nitrogen cycling, eutrophication, nitrous oxide, greenhouse gases, nitrogen economy
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Atmosphere, Bacteria, Biological Evolution, Forecasting, Humans, Nitrogen, Oxidation-Reduction, Nitrogen Compounds, Crops, Agricultural, Evolution, Planetary, Chemical Phenomena, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, Eukaryota
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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