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Cited by 246Marine and coastal ecosystemsMicrobial Community Ecology and PhysiologyBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

Elemental Economy

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Merchant, Sabeeha S., Helmann, John D.·2012·Advances in Microbial Physiology
DOI 10.1016/b978-0-12-398264-3.00002-4PMC PMC4100946
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Abstract

Microorganisms play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. They are rightly praised for their facility for fixing both carbon and nitrogen into organic matter, and microbial driven processes have tangibly altered the chemical composition of the biosphere and its surrounding atmosphere. Despite their prodigious capacity for molecular transformations, microorganisms are powerless in the face of the immutability of the elements. Limitations for specific elements, either fleeting or persisting over eons, have left an indelible trace on microbial genomes, physiology, and their very atomic composition. We here review the impact of elemental limitation on microbes, with a focus on selected genetic model systems and representative microbes from the ocean ecosystem. Evolutionary adaptations that enhance growth in the face of persistent or recurrent elemental limitations are evident from genome and proteome analyses. These range from the extreme (such as dispensing with a requirement for a hard to obtain element) to the extremely subtle (changes in protein amino acid sequences that slightly, but significantly, reduce cellular carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur demand). One near-universal adaptation is the development of sophisticated acclimation programs by which cells adjust their chemical composition in response to a changing environment. When specific elements become limiting, acclimation typically begins with an increased commitment to acquisition and a concomitant mobilization of stored resources. If elemental limitation persists, the cell implements austerity measures including elemental sparing and elemental recycling. Insights into these fundamental cellular properties have emerged from studies at many different levels, including ecology, biological oceanography, biogeochemistry, molecular genetics, genomics, and microbial physiology. Here, we present a synthesis of these diverse studies and attempt to discern some overarching themes.

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  • Iron is almost universally essential for life and is among the most fiercely fought over elements.

    “Iron (Fe) is almost universally essential for life and is among the most fiercely fought over elements.118,119”

    From Metals in Motion: Understanding Labile Metal Pools in Bacteria (2025) · cites this paper as [118]

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Authors
Merchant, S. S., & Helmann, J. D.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Cornell University (US)
Corresponding author
Helmann, John D.
ORCID
Venue
Advances in Microbial Physiology
Publisher
Elsevier
Published
2012
Volume
60
Pages
91-210
ISSN
0065-2911 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/b978-0-12-398264-3.00002-4
PMC
PMC4100946
OpenAlex
W1602104583
Cited by
246
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI
11.47
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM042143, R37GM042143, GM059323, R01GM059323, R01GM042143)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords
microbial adaptation, nutrient limitation, protein amino acid composition, microbial biogeochemistry
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Biological, Biotransformation, Carbon, Cell Physiological Phenomena, Energy Metabolism, Metals, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Seawater, Sulfur, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Evolution, Molecular, Metabolic Networks and Pathways

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