The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Periaqueductal Gray Controls Brainstem Emotional Motor Systems Including Respiration
Abstract
Respiration is a motor system essential for the survival of the individual and of the species. Because of its vital significance, studies on respiration often assume that breathing takes place independent of other motor systems. However, motor systems generating vocalization, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, as well as parturition, ejaculation, and defecation encompass abdominal pressure control, which involves changes in the respiratory pattern. The mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) controls all these motor systems. It determines the level setting of the whole body by means of its very strong projections to the ventromedial medullary tegmentum, but it also controls the cell groups that generate vocalization, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, as well as respiration. For this control, the PAG maintains very strong connections with the nucleus retroambiguus, which enables it to control abdominal and intrathoracic pressure. In this same context, the PAG also runs the pelvic organs, bladder, uterus, prostate, seminal vesicles, and the distal colon and rectum via its projections to the pelvic organ stimulating center and the pelvic floor stimulating center. These cell groups, via long descending projections, have direct control of the parasympathetic motoneurons in the sacral cord as well as of the somatic motoneurons in the nucleus of Onuf, innervating the pelvic floor. Respiration, therefore, is not a motor system that functions by itself, but is strongly regulated by the same systems that also control the other motor output systems.
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“The EMS involves multiple subcortical motor centers [striatum, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray (PAG)] which are involved in emotion-specific movements and postures which can occur outside voluntary cortical control.”
From Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Holstege, 2013
In the citing paper
“It is strongly influenced by ANS, LS and RAS, and provides important kinesthetic and proprioceptive feedback to them (Holstege et al., 1996; Holstege, 2013).”
From Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Holstege, 2013
In the citing paper
“Affective and ANS activation have a direct and immediate effect on the somatic system by way of the EMS (Holstege et al., 1996; Holstege, 2013).”
From Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Holstege, 2013
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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4-Hz oscillations synchronize prefrontal–amygdala circuits during fear behavior
Karalis, N., Déjean, C., Chaudun, F., Khoder, S., Rozeske, R. R., Wurtz, H., Bagur, S., Benchenane, K., Sirota, A., Courtin, J., et al. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4251 · Cited by 405
Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy
Payne, P., Levine, P. A., & Crane-Godreau, M. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00093 · Cited by 344
“It is strongly influenced by ANS, LS and RAS, and provides important kinesthetic and proprioceptive feedback to them (Holstege et al., 1996; Holstege, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSamineni, V. K., Grajales‐Reyes, J. G., Copits, B. A., O’Brien, D. E., Trigg, S. L., Gomez, A. M., Bruchas, M. R., & Gereau, R. W. (2017) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0129-16.2017 · Cited by 188
A Specialized Neural Circuit Gates Social Vocalizations in the Mouse
Tschida, K., Michael, V., Takatoh, J., Han, B.-X., Zhao, S., Sakurai, K., MOONEY, R. D., & Wang, F. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.025 · Cited by 188
Metadata
- Authors
- Holstege, G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Holstege, Gert
- ORCID
- Holstege, Gert
- Venue
- Progress in brain research
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 209
- Pages
- 379-405
- ISSN
- 0079-6123 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W157754080
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 8.83
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Progress in brain research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Keywords
- periaqueductal gray, respiration, brainstem, nucleus retroambiguus, intrathoracic pressure, pelvic floor, vocalizations, cough, sneezing, vomiting, childbirth, ejaculation, defecation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Stem, Emotions, Humans, Neural Pathways, Periaqueductal Gray, Respiration
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