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Exposure-focused CBT is effective for treating emotional disturbances and reducing behavioral avoidance, as is the UP-C.
“This result is consistent with numerous studies that concluded that exposure-focused CBT is effective for treating emotional disturbances and reducing behavioral avoidance (e.g., Richard et al., 2007; Schopf et al., 2020), as is the UP-C (UP-C; Ehrenreich-May et al., 2017a, b).”
From Child- and Parent-Report Measures of Behavioral Avoidance (CAMS/CAMP): Portuguese Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. (2024) · cites this paper as Richard et al., 2007
Cites
Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstorf, D. (1984) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(84)80002-7 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Rachman, S. (1980) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(80)90069-8 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
One-session treatment for specific phobias
Öst, L.-G. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90113-7 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study
Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
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Baus, O., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00112 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“…(adapted from Öst et al., 1991b) Presence Degree of belief in catastrophic thought (assessed daily on scale from Fear and avoidance scales (adapted from Marks and Mathews, 1979) Fear of spiders questionnaire (FSQ) (Szymanski and O’Donohue presence measures the level of“togetherness”between the…”
BackgroundGloster, A., Wittchen, H., Einsle, F., Höfler, M., Lang, T., Helbig-Lang, S., Fydrich, T., Fehm, L., Hamm, A., Richter, J., et al. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0065-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Virtual Reality and Anxiety Disorders
Wiederhold, B., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8023-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Re-examining psychological mechanisms underlying virtual reality-based exposure for spider phobia
Tardif, N., Therrien, C.-É., & Bouchard, S. (2019) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0711 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“10 3 Contemporary models now focus on the development of new mental representations associating feared stimuli with lack of threat, 1,11,12 which strongly in-fluences how exposure should be conducted, with reduction in dysfunctional beliefs and increase in self-efficacy remaining important factors in…”
Guitard, T., Bouchard, S., Bélanger, C., & Berthiaume, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8030309 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Regardless of the stimulus, the purpose of exposure is to learn new mental associations between the stimuli and lack of threat [2,3].”
BackgroundInozu, M., Çelikcan, U., Akin, B., & Cicek, N. M. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100518 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Psychotherapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Don't Worry, It Works!
Hoyer, J., & Gloster, A. T. (2009) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Newman, M. G., Zainal, N. H., & Hoyer, J. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How Avatar Customization Affects Fear in a Game-based Digital Exposure Task for Social Anxiety
Dechant, M., Birk, M. V., Shiban, Y., Schnell, K., & Mandryk, R. L. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3474675 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prolonged Imaginal Exposure Based on Worry Scenarios
Hoyer, J., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
O'Donnell, A. W., Neumann, D., Duffy, A. L., & Paolini, S. (2019) · Social & Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12442 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Aspects of Exposure Therapy in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Gloster, A. T., Hummel, K. V., Lyudmirskaya, I., Hauke, C., & Sonntag, R. F. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRubin, S., Spates, C., Johnson, D. A., & Jouppi, L. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.03.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An Integrative Approach to Conceptualizing and Treating Complex Trauma
Mahoney, D., & Markel, B. (2016) · Psychoanalytic Social Work · doi:10.1080/15228878.2015.1104640 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
DBT for sexual abuse survivors: Current status and future directions.
Decker, S. E., & Naugle, A. E. (2008) · The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1037/h0100456 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Arachnophobia and Fear of Other Insects: Efficacy and Lessons Learned from Treatment Process
Wiederhold, B., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8023-6_5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fear of Heights (Acrophobia): Efficacy and Lessons Learned from Psychophysiological Data
Wiederhold, B., & Bouchard, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8023-6_6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hauke, C., Gloster, A., Gerlach, A., Hamm, A., Deckert, J., Fehm, L., Alpers, G., Kircher, T., Ströhle, A., Arolt, V., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology · doi:10.5861/ijrsp.2013.335 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationCaiado, B., Canavarro, M. C., Pereira, A. I., & Moreira, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10102-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This result is consistent with numerous studies that concluded that exposure-focused CBT is effective for treating emotional disturbances and reducing behavioral avoidance (e.g., Richard et al., 2007; Schopf et al., 2020), as is the UP-C (UP-C; Ehrenreich-May et al., 2017a, b).”
Jeon, M., Kim, M., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Kim, H., & Jung, D. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Traditional exposure therapy repeatedly exposes patients to feared stimuli to desensi-tize their anxiety responses [33].”
Mindfulness and Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to Address Problematic Perfectionism
Senderey, E. (2016) · Athens Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.30958/ajss.4-1-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Exposure is a well-validated, effective psychological treatment for most anxiety disorders (Barlow 2008, Gallagher et al. 2014, Richard et al. 2011).”
BackgroundWallace, R., Lacey, C. J., & Sargisson, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Poeller, S., Dechant, M., & Mandryk, R. (2023) · International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games · doi:10.1145/3582437.3587180 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for mental illness such as social anxiety consists of cognitive restructuring and exposure to feared stimuli, such as social interactions [28].”
BackgroundExposure Therapies and Stress Inoculation: A Brief Overview
Phillips, D., & Lauterbach, D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.21050-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDisgust in Psychopathology: Mechanisms and Treatment
Ojserkis, R., Taboas, W., & McKay, D. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch30 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gegieckaitė, G., Zamalijeva, O., Petraškaitė, K., Nagevice, E., Lindner, P., Carlbring, P., Daele, T. V., Andersson, G., & Eimontas, J. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/89612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Exposure therapy has a variety of forms differing in the structuring of confrontation with the feared situation in the build-up to the intensity of the stimulus, the length of the exposure, and the times in between exposures [18].”
Affect Education at Tiers 1, 2, and 3
Macklem, G. L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7907-0_4
- Authors
- Richard, D. C. S., Lauterbach, D., & Gloster, A. T.
- Affiliations
- Rollins College (US)
- Eastern Michigan University (US)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- ORCID
- Gloster, Andrew T.
- Venue
- Handbook of Exposure Therapies
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2007
- Pages
- 1-28
- OpenAlex
- W2489942249
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 8.80
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, mechanism of action, exposure technique, treatment efficacy, dissemination of evidence-based treatment
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