Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study
Abstract
This study explored whether virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy was effective in the treatment of spider phobia. We compared a treatment condition vs. a waiting list condition in a between group design with 23 participants. Participants in the VR treatment group received an average of four one-hour exposure therapy sessions. VR exposure was effective in treating spider phobia compared to a control condition as measured with a Fear of Spiders questionnaire, a Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT), and severity ratings made by the clinician and an independent assessor. Eighty-three percent of patients in the VR treatment group showed clinically significant improvement compared with 0% in the waiting list group, and no patients dropped out. This study shows that VR exposure can be effective in the treatment of phobias.
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The Clinician Severity Scale has been used in previous research.
“This instrument has been used in previous research.51”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
The Spanish adaptation/version of the presence measure has been previously used to measure user's presence in virtual reality.
“This Spanish adaptation/version of this measure has been previously used to measure user's presence in virtual reality [31, 35].”
The data from this study coincide with findings from studies where VR was used to treat specific phobia (animal subtype), where VR was effective in reducing fear and avoidance.
“Similarly, data from the present study also coincide with findings from studies where VR was used to treat SP (animal subtype), such as those by [31, 33–35,75,76]; where VR was effective in reducing the fear and avoidance experienced by the participants.”
From In Vivo versus augmented reality exposure in the treatment of small animal phobia: A randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 983-993
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002713980
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 18.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, spider phobia, phobia treatment, avoidance behavior, treatment efficacy, waitlist control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Spiders, User-Computer Interface, Single-Blind Method
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