How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety?

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

COVID-19 is estimated to have originated from a seafood market in Wuhan where wild animals were traded.

“The disease is estimated to have originated from a seafood market in Wuhan where wild animals were traded such as marmots, bats, snakes and birds (Zhou et al., 2020).”

• cites Zhou et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Main section (page not supplied) says the Wuhan outbreak started from a local seafood market and that most early cases had contact with it. It does not say wild animals were traded there or identify marmots, bats, snakes, and birds as market animals. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, was initially reported in Hubei, Wuhan, China.

“COVID-19 caused by virus SARS-CoV-2 that was initially reported in the province of Hubei, Wuhan in China.”

• cites Zhou et al., 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Maintaining the same fertilizer and soil-preparation practices in conventional farming leads to low soil moisture and low conservation levels.

“Scientific results (Pimentel et al., 2005) have shown that this maintenance of these practices lead to low soil moisture status and low conservation levels of conventional farming systems.”

• cites Pimentel et al., 2005 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report significantly less soil water in the conventional system than in the organic legume system during the measured growing seasons. The Discussion also reports greater water conservation and less runoff in the organic systems. The paper does not establish that continuing the same fertilizer and soil-preparation practices caused those differences. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

96% of COVID-19's genetic makeup matches a coronavirus found in bats.

“According to Zhou et al., 2020, it is mentioned that 96% of the genetic makeup of COVID-19 is matched with the coronavirus found in bats.”

• cites Zhou et al., 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Greenhouses yield 112 g fresh weight of romaine lettuce per m2 daily, whereas traditional farming yields 10 g per m2 per day (Penissi et al., 2019).

“According to Penissi et al. (2019) greenhouses produce 112 g of fresh weight of romaine lettuce per m2 daily while traditional farming produce 10 g of fresh weight of romaine lettuce per m2 per day.”

• cites Penissi et al. (2019) sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Discussion section reports approximately 115 g m−2 d−1 for lettuce in hydroponic greenhouses in Arizona, close to the claimed 112. It does not report 10 g m−2 d−1 for traditional farming or identify the comparison as romaine lettuce; the Methods identify the study's lettuce as ‘Gentilina.’ Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In vertical farms, electricity cost is 25-30% of total cost, OPEX is 27%, and CAPEX is 18-20%.

“Shamshiri et al. (2018), noted that three major operational expenses in a vertical farm are the electricity cost with 25–30% of the total cost, the operational costs (OPEX) with 27% of the total cost and the capital expenditures (CAPEX) with 18–20% of the total cost.”

• cites Shamshiri et al. (2018) sourcePartly supported

  Section 5.3, “Opportunities and challenges” (page not provided), says vertical-farm establishment and operation are costly, with energy consumption accounting for much of the cost. It gives no cost breakdown supporting electricity at 25–30%, OPEX at 27%, or CAPEX at 18–20%; searches for those figures and terms found none. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Geo-helminth eggs can survive in soil for years under the right climate conditions, causing diarrheal diseases and permanent learning deficits in children.

“A serious parasite that is worth to be mentioned is Geo-helminths (hookworm, Ascaris and whipworm), that can survive their eggs in soil for years when they find the right climate conditions, causing diarrheal diseases as well as permanent learning deficit to children (Hotez and Pecoul, 2010).”

• cites Hotez and Pecoul, 2010 sourcePartly supported

  The “All NTDs are ‘tool deficient’” section identifies ascariasis, trichuriasis (whipworm infection), and hookworm infection as the three major soil-transmitted helminth infections. Our copy does not say their eggs survive in soil for years under suitable climatic conditions or that these infections cause diarrheal disease and permanent learning deficits in children; searches for egg survival and those outcomes found no supporting passage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Every three days after harvest and root removal, products lose 30% of their nutritional value, so consumers receive severely reduced nutritional value.

“According to Kublic et al. (2015), every three days, products lose 30% of their nutritious value after being harvested and roots' removal, meaning that consumers finally receive severely influenced vegetables in terms of nutritional value.”

• cites Kublic et al. (2015) sourceCould not verify

  The Results and Discussion passages address lettuce production, energy use, water use, and possible reductions in food-travel distance, not postharvest nutritional loss. Searches for a 30% loss every three days and for nutritional changes after harvest or root removal found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Based on Tables 1-3, relative production capacity per land area in a 10-layer indoor vertical farm is 76-116 times higher than traditional farming and 40-80 times higher than greenhouse production.

“It could be concluded (from Table 3) in comparison to Table 1, that the relative production capacity per land area unit in an indoor vertical farm of 10 layers is 76 to 116 times higher compared to traditional farming and 40 to 80 times higher compared to greenhouse production.”

May combine two claims.

The land area required for 1 kg of fresh romaine lettuce per day in an indoor vertical farm is 0.3 m2, about 97% less than greenhouses and 100% less than traditional farming.

“Based on Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, it can be retrieved that the land use efficiency of indoor vertical farms (0.3 m2) required for obtaining 1 kg of fresh romaine lettuce per day is almost 97% reduced compared to greenhouses and 100% compared to traditional farming.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Population growth implies a significant increase in required food production, raising concerns about future food deficiency, quantity, and quality.

“Such population increase certainly indicates a significant rise in the required food production, raising concerns on the deficiency, the quantity, and the quality of future food products.”

May combine two claims.

Hydroponics, with their closed or semi-closed loops, are more water-efficient and sustainable than traditional farming, where much water drains below the root zone.

“the close or semi-closed loop of hydroponics categorizes them as more efficient in terms of sustainability process for water efficiency in comparison with traditional farming where most of the water is drained to lower levels of soil that plants cannot access.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Traditional farming experiences large resource and water waste due to soil degradation and eutrophication.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Excess phosphates and nitrates in soil cause nutrient runoff and leaching in traditional agriculture.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The global population is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050, an increase of 2.4 billion people needing food.

“By 2050, it is expected that the global population will reach the 9.8 billion people, 2.4 billion people more that need to be fed (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015).”

• cites United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Large-scale indoor vertical farms could adjust production according to time-varying electricity prices across the day.

“In large scale units it could play a role to adjust their production according to different electricity prices offered in different time zones throughout the day.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Today's farmlands occupy almost 50% of global habitable land.

“Today's farmlands, occupy almost 50% of the global habitable land (ourworldindata.org).”

• cites ourworldindata.orgNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indoor vertical farms can produce high-quality, virus-free crops that can be distributed locally within the urban area where they are located, reducing annual CO2 emissions by millions of tons.

“Indoor vertical farms can produce high quality and virus-free products that can be locally distributed, inside the urban environment that such investments take place, saving annually millions of tons CO2 emissions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Water-filled plastic bags and ground tubes used for greenhouse heating absorb solar radiation during the day and release stored heat at night (Sethi and Sharma, 2008).

“During daytime, this system absorbs and traps the solar irradiation and during nighttime, the stored heat is transferred in the interior of the greenhouse by releasing heat (Sethi and Sharma, 2008).”

• cites Sethi and Sharma, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms can function as demand response aggregators.

“It was stressed that indoor vertical farms can act as a demand response aggregator.”

May combine two claims.

Hydroponic plants develop smaller root systems and can allocate more energy to leaf and stem growth.

“plants grown in hydroponics form smaller root system and can divert more energy for growing their leaves and stems.”

May combine two claims.

Energy use in outdoor farming is mainly fossil fuels for soil plowing, sowing, fertilization, harvesting, and pumping; pumping can reach up to 20% of total fossil fuel usage in developed countries.

“The energy use in outdoor farming is mainly linked to fossil fuels for operations such as soil plowing, sowing, fertilization, harvesting etc. Additionally, further electricity is required for pumping (water irrigation), which in developed countries can reach up to 20% of the total fossil fuel usage (Despommier, 2010).”

• cites Despommier, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

COVID-19 caused deaths and lockdowns and is expected to cost trillions of dollars in the global economy during 2020 and beyond.

“The uncertainty that is caused globally via COVID-19 has caused apart from multiple deaths and lockdowns to most of the European countries, will affect significantly the economy and will cost trillions of dollars in the global economy, during 2020 and beyond (UNCTAD, 2020).”

• cites UNCTAD, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Optimal irrigation planning and frequent maintenance of irrigation systems can positively influence system efficiency.

“management actions such as optimal irrigation planning and frequent maintenance irrigation system scheduled maintenance can also influence positively the system's efficiency (Wheeler et al., 2015).”

• cites Wheeler et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Global water use for food production reaches 5400 km3 and is increasing rapidly.

“Based on Nederhoff and Stanghellini (2010), the water use for the global food production reaches at 5400 km3 and has a rapid increasing rate.”

• cites Nederhoff and Stanghellini (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

If growers control humidity and irradiation at optimal levels for each crop, transpiration per m2 is reduced, leading to lower water usage and better water efficiency.

“If growers manage to control these two factors in the optimal levels for each crop, then there is reduced transpiration level per m2, which means lower water usage and therefore better water efficiency.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Higher humidity inside a greenhouse lowers transpiration levels.

May combine two claims.

Food from conventional farming uses 4 to 17 times more fuel and emits 5 to 17 times more CO2 than locally grown food.

“a study conducted by Jill (2008), mentioned that food sourced from conventional farming uses 4 to 17 times more fuel compared to locally grown food and emits 5 to 17 times more CO2.”

• cites Jill (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Vertical farms are located in completely isolated spaces from the outdoor environment with thermally insulated installations and airtight structures, allowing control of temperature, humidity, and CO2.

“Vertical farms are located in completely isolated spaces from outdoor environment with thermally insulated installations (especially when at the top floor of the building) and airtight structures that give the opportunity to the farmers to control the environment in terms of temperature, humidity and CO2 (Avgoustaki and Xydis, 2019).”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the US, there are annually 48 million foodborne illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths.

“Only in the US, despite the attempts to provide a safe food supply, every year are recorded 48 million foodborne illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations and 3000 deaths (CDC, 2013).”

• cites CDC, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Vertical farms may increase productivity in highly urbanized areas, leading to improvements in community food security.

“Meanwhile, vertical farms may be able to increase the productivity rate in highly urbanized areas that can lead to improvements in the food security of the community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Under a multi-value business model, vertical farm owners can improve production while absorbing inexpensive electricity and creating additional revenue streams by contracting with utility electric companies.

“This way, the owners under a multi-value business model will create the opportunity to the vertical farm owners not only to improve their production but at the same time absorb inexpensive electricity offered, by creating an additional profit mechanism (multiple revenue streams) under such an approach by entering into contracts with companies in a utility electric”

Not yet classified.

Because hydroponic roots are smaller, more plants can be grown in the same area and harvest quantities can be higher than in outdoor farming.

“smaller root allows more plants in the same area to be grown and harvest higher quantities in comparison to the outdoor farming.”

May combine two claims.

Top-only lighting can cause uneven light distribution, shading in dense crops, and senescence of lower leaves.

“Traditional lighting that is located only on top of the crop can cause undesirable shading in dense crops by uneven light distribution and lead to senescence of the leaves that are in lower levels.”

May combine two claims.

Interplant lighting can increase light access to lower plant levels, improve light distribution, and raise crop photosynthetic rate.

“According to Dueck et al. (2006), the photosynthetic rate of leaves in low levels is usually negative or nearly zero, but the application of interplant light can increase it in positive values.”

• cites Dueck et al. (2006) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The thermal insulation and airtightness of vertical farms allow them to shield crops from outdoor climate and maintain desired indoor conditions without thermal losses.

“This characteristic makes the farms capable to totally protect the inside crops from the outdoor climatic conditions and make them able to maintain the indoor conditions to the desired levels without having thermal losses.”

May combine two claims.

The payback period exceeded 20 years and net present value was negative unless the wholesale price of greens rose to at least 10.37 €/kg.

“the payback period was calculated much longer than the operational period of the 20 years resulting in negative prices of the Net Present Value (NPV), unless the wholesale price of greens increases to 10.37 €/kg or more.”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Heat and energy loss is a common greenhouse and artificial-lighting problem, and artificial lighting can reduce these losses while adding value to lighting.

“Heat and energy loss is a common issue in greenhouse and artificial lighting. The latter can become an effective solution that mitigates these losses and add an additional value on the required lighting solutions.”

May combine two claims.

Interplant lighting, upward lighting, and reflectors are simple techniques that can be applied to improve light conversion.

“A simple technique that can be followed is the application of interplant lighting, upward lighting, and use of reflectors (Fig. 3 ).”

May combine two claims.

The potential earnings or savings from demand response depend on indoor farm size and create multiple revenue streams.

“The opportunity to earn (or at least save) significant amounts will or course be related to the size of the indoor farms and create multiple revenue streams.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Selecting inexpensive electricity hours for lighting and dark expensive hours has no significant impact on plant growth and development.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sunlight supplies the full spectrum of wavelengths, with 97% falling between 280 and 2800 nm (Kozai et al., 2016).

“Sunlight is a free resource input that provides plants the whole spectrum of several wavelengths, 97% of it is within the range of 280-2800 nm (Kozai et al., 2016).”

• cites Kozai et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

An airtightness level no higher than 0.02 h−1 reduces CO2 loss to the outside and helps maintain sanitation by blocking pathogens, bacteria, dust, and insects.

“It is also pointed out in this research, that the airtightness level of vertical farms should not exceed the 0.02 h− 1. This is suggested because this level of airtightness helps to reduce the CO2 losses to the outside environment and at the same time to maintain the sanitize level inside the farm by preventing pathogens, bacteria, dust or insects to enter the area of cultivation.”

• cites Kozai et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Renewable energy sources are available worldwide and can allow greenhouse production to be more sustainable, economical, and cost-efficient (Xydis, 2015a).

“Different types of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, biofuels, biomass etc., are found all over the world bringing the possibility to greenhouse plants to produce yields under a more sustainable, economical and cost-efficient way (Xydis, 2015a).”

• cites Xydis, 2015aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Limiting the culture period, increasing the cultivation area ratio, and increasing the salable plant portion can increase relative annual production capacity per land area in indoor vertical farms.

“Finally, other factors that can also help in increasing the relative annual production capacity (per unit land area) of indoor vertical farms are:•Limitation of the culture period between transplanting and harvesting by optimal monitoring and controlling of the environmental conditions•Increase of the ratio of cultivation area under each farming type (field, tier, floor, culture bed)•Increase of”

May combine two claims.

This CUE difference is explained by CO2 release to the outside increasing with airtightness and with the inside-outside CO2 concentration difference.

“This phenomenon can be explained because of the amount of CO2 that is released to the outside area from the culture room and keeps increasing with the level of airtightness but also with the difference between the CO2 levels inside and outside.”

May combine two claims.

Indoor vertical farms generally achieve CO2 use efficiency of 0.87-0.89 at airtightness of 0.01-0.02 h−1 and CO2 around 1000 ppm, while greenhouses achieve about 0.5 CUE with closed ventilation, airtightness of 0.01 h−1, and CO2 at 700 ppm (Yoshinaga et al., 2000).

“In general, CO2 use efficiency in indoor vertical farms is around 0.87–0.89 (when the level of airtightness is between 0.01 and 0.02 h− 1) and the concertation is around 1000 ppm—unlike greenhouses which achieve approximately a 0.5 CUE with closed ventilation system and airtightness level of 0.01 h− 1 and CO2 concentration level at 700 ppm (Yoshinaga et al., 2000).”

• cites Yoshinaga et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Soil-based crops have labor costs of 34,000 €/ha, whereas hydroponic greenhouses or indoor vertical farms need about 64,000 €/ha in production costs.

“More analytically, according to Savvas et al. (2015), in soil-based crops the labor numbers 34,000 €/ha while a hydroponic greenhouse or indoor vertical farm requires around 64,000 €/ha as production cost.”

• cites Savvas et al. (2015)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

According to the WHO, more than half of farms globally still use raw animal waste for fertilization, which can attract insects, contain weed seeds or diseases, and contaminate crops.

“According to World Health Organization, more than half of the farms globally, still use for fertilization purposes of their crops raw animal waste that can attract insect as flies or contain weed seeds or even diseases which can contaminate the cultivated crops.”

• cites World Health OrganizationNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Energy use represents a major expense for indoor vertical farms and can serve as an indicator of their sustainability.

“Indeed, energy consumption is a significant cost of indoor vertical farms and can be used as an measure for their sustainability levels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Food safety rules require control and validation of agricultural water, including testing irrigation water, hand-washing water, ice, and food-contact surfaces.

“It is of significant importance the control and validation of the agricultural water. To be more specific, there are rules that prerequisite the testing of the water quality that is applied via irrigation to the crops, but also the water related to the tangential purposes such as hand-washing of the workers during or after harvest, the ice that refrigerates food and the surfaces that food contacts”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Food usually travels thousands of miles daily, creating contamination threats; it can be infected in one country and develop pollutant populations in another.

“Food usually travels thousands of miles every day leaving huge possibilities for contamination threats as it can be infected in one country and develop pollutant populations in another.”

May combine two claims.

Indoor vertical farms have higher purchased energy demand than greenhouses but significantly higher energy efficiency.

“Even if the demand for purchased energy is much higher in indoor vertical farms than in greenhouses, the energy efficiency of the former is significantly higher (Graamans et al., 2017).”

• cites Graamans et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Open-field crops face severe weather conditions and infection from various insects and pathogens.

“However, because of its nature, crops growing in the open field are facing all the difficulties from severe weather conditions and the danger of infection from various insects and pathogens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Food safety rules concern compliance of domestic and wild animals whether they work on, invade, or graze on the farm.

“There are rules concerning the compliance of domestic and wild animals either they are working in the farm, invade in the farm or graze.”

May combine two claims.

In indoor vertical farm electricity demand, lighting accounts for about 80% of annual electricity use (assuming 40 W fluorescent lamps), air conditioning about 16%, and auxiliary equipment about 4%.

“If we focus only in the electricity cost demand of indoor vertical farms, lighting accounts to approx. 80% of the annual electricity energy use (assuming fluorescent lamps of 40 W), while the electricity cost demand for air conditioning is around 16% and 4% the electricity demand of the auxiliary electrical equipment (Kozai et al., 2016).”

• cites Kozai et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These fertilization techniques can highly affect human health and cause diseases.

“Subsequently, these techniques can highly affect people's health and can cause diseases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the United States, the CDC estimates about 48 million food poisoning cases each year, or one in six people.

“According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, each year, “roughly 48 million people (1 in 6)” are food poisoned in the United States.”

• cites Centers for Disease Control and PreventionNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

About 0.18 workers are needed for every 10,000 kg of yield, which accounts for 35% of yearly operational expenses depending on local labor cost.

“Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020), propose that 0.18 workers are necessary per 10,000 kg of yield, resulting in 35% of the annual operational expenses of the farm (depending on the labor cost in each country).”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Fertilizer use efficiency of greenhouses and traditional fields is relatively low and can occasionally cause surface salt accumulation in soil.

“On the contrary, the fertilizer use efficiency of greenhouses and of fields in traditional farming is relatively low and occasionally can cause on the soil, surface salt accumulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In traditional farming, many plant pathogens, bacteria, and insect pests can damage crops, leading to large global production losses.

“Traditional farming is a type of agriculture that allows to multiple plant pathogens, bacteria and insect pests to affect crops, causing scalable losses in global crop production.”

May combine two claims.

For lettuce heads and other leafy greens, indoor vertical farms can match traditional farming yields using just 1% of the land, and greenhouse yields using 10%.

“According to Kozai et al. (2016), it is stated that indoor vertical farms can produce the same yield of lettuce heads and other leafy greens in only 1% of the land required by traditional farming and 10% compared to a greenhouse construction.”

• cites Kozai et al. (2016)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Bio-waste collected and used in indoor vertical farms can be 2443 metric tons per year, with daily plant wastes of roughly 8.11 tons.

“Based on Adenaeuer (2014), the bio-waste that is collected and used in indoor vertical farms can be 2443 metric tons per year and with daily plant wastes that are collected for the indoor farms of roughly 8.11 tons.”

• cites Adenaeuer (2014)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the examined case, indoor vertical farm capital expenditures reached 321,763 € per grow unit, with lamps and their connections, growing unit racks, and electrical distribution being the most costly equipment.

“However, the biggest cost of indoor vertical farms noticed were the capital expenditures reaching at 321,763 € per grow unit, with the most costly equipment the lamps and integral connection of lamps, installation of growing unit racks and the electric distribution of electricity.”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To meet increased food demand, 70% more nutritious and fresh food must be produced.

“In order all this increased food demand to be met, it is necessary to produce 70% more nutritious and fresh food.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

E. coli infected approximately 265,000 people and caused about 100 deaths after severe pollution of agricultural water reservoirs in California farms.

“E.coli was a foodborne illness that took high publicity after infecting approximately 265,000 people and causing about 100 deaths, after severe pollution of agricultural water reservoirs in farms of California.”

May combine two claims.

In an examined case, an indoor vertical farm can annually harvest 33,750 kg of fresh greeneries, a massive increase compared with greenhouses.

“An interesting point is the massively increased production yield that can be achieved in an indoor vertical farm compared to greenhouses, reaching at 33,750 kg of fresh greeneries being annually harvested.”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Hydroponic greenhouses with semi-closed or closed loops that circulate, recycle, and reuse water must include filtering treatments to remove pathogens before re-applying it.

“Furthermore, greenhouses that apply hydroponic solutions in semi-close or closed loops that circulate, recycle and reuse water, have to include filtering treatments that remove possible pathogens before re-applying it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Indoor micro-farms can be very costly, but multiple marketing strategies can optimize results.

“On the other hand, based on a report conducted by Agrilyst (2017) indoor micro-farms can be very costly, nevertheless, there are multiple marketing strategies for optimizing the results.”

• cites Agrilyst (2017)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Groceries require on average 2000 to 3500 km to travel from processing facilities to market shelves, resulting in 4-6 days of transportation.

“In order groceries to arrive from the processing facilities to the shelves of the markets, they require on average 2000 to 3500 km, resulting to 4–6 days in transportation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Heavy tillage, severe irrigation, and monocropping seriously affect soil, deplete its nutrients, and require additional nutrient solutions.

“After heavily tilled farming applications, severe irrigations and monocropped selections, soil has been seriously affected causing depletion of its nutrients, highly requiring additional nutrient solutions that can improve its fertile condition, making it appropriate for cultivation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Food safety regulations have become stricter by establishing new standards for food production (Produce Rules) because of high risk of infection even from more controlled agricultural systems.

“Because of the high risk of infection of consumers, even from more controlled agricultural systems (compared to outdoor farming), regulations for food safety have become stricter by establishing new standards for food production (Produce Rules).”

May combine two claims.

The yield increase between indoor vertical farms and traditional farming can be 1.5 times due to technology and 709 times due to technology combined with stacking.

“Adenaeuer (2014) mentions that the increase in yield between indoor vertical farms and traditional farming can be increased by 1.5 due to the technology and by 709 due to the technology combined with the stacking ability of the plants.”

• cites Adenaeuer (2014)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Greenhouses have high geographical flexibility, which can significantly reduce transit time from harvest and processing to final consumers compared with outdoor farming.

“Another significant advantage of greenhouses in relation with outdoor farming is the high geographical flexibility of installation as it allows a significant reduction of the transit time of the products from the harvesting and processing point to the final consumers.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional farming lettuce usually costs less than 1€/head, while greenhouse and indoor vertical farm lettuce cost 2-3€/head.

“More specifically, traditional farming lettuce price usually costs less than 1€/head, while greenhouses lettuce and indoor vertical farm lettuce cost 2–3€/head.”

• cites Tasgal (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Based on their model and cash flow analysis, indoor vertical farms present profitable investment opportunities with high IRR and a payback period of 3-6 years at a wholesale price of at least 6.36 €/kg.

“Subsequently, based on their model and the different cash flow analysis, indoor vertical farms present profitable investment opportunities with a high Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and a payback period between 3 and 6 years with a wholesale price equal or more than 6.36 €/kg.”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Greenhouse production is highly protected from dangerous elements and various contaminants compared with traditional farming products.

“Unlike traditional farming products, greenhouse production is highly protected from dangerous elements and various contaminants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

UV light or disinfectants are effective and efficient methods for water recycling.

“Methods that are effective and efficient in water recycling is UV light or disinfectants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Land experts warn of growing shortages in agricultural land necessary for sufficient food production.

“However, at the same time, land experts such as agronomists and ecologists, already warn of the growing shortages in agricultural land, necessary for sufficient food production (Al-Kodmary, 2018).”

• cites Al-Kodmary, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Outdoor farming is very open to foodborne illnesses that are extremely difficult to trace, increasing total risks.

“To summarize, even if there are multiple technological automations, innovations and outbreaks in outdoor farming over the last decades, the nature of this agricultural type is very open to foodborne illnesses, illnesses extremely difficult to be traced rising the total risks.”

May combine two claims.

Hydroponic greenhouses move plants between growing stages and monitor them, which allows precise resource application at each stage, unlike soil-based greenhouses and outdoor farms where plants stay in place until harvest.

“In hydroponic greenhouses, plants are transported several times according to the growing stage and are monitored throughout the different growing cycles. That give the opportunity to apply the exact resource requirements in every stage, in comparison with soil-based greenhouses and outdoor farms, where the plants remain in the same position until their harvest.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The UN estimates that 80% of the global population will live in urban areas by 2050.

“Additionally, UN estimate that 80% of the global population will be located in urban areas by that time.”

• cites UNNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Greenhouse production accounts for half of global tomato production and one-third of global pepper production distributed in the fresh market.

“Greenhouse plants in an industry that constantly growing, with today's list accounting half of the tomato production and 1/3 of the global pepper production that are distributed in the fresh market (Brauther, 2010).”

• cites Brauther, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The coefficient of performance of heat pumps in a given room increases when the outside temperature decreases.

“The coefficient of performance of the heat pumps, in a specific room, increases when the outside temperature decreases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

High requirements in workers' health and hygiene must be followed to prevent contamination that may originate from humans.

“Finally, there are high requirements in workers' health and hygiene that need to be followed in order to prevent the contamination that may source by humans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Outdoor farmers cannot refrigerate between harvest and transport for water processing, making pathogen infection more uncertain.

“However, outdoor farmers are not able to perform refrigeration between harvest and transport of the products for water processing, making it more uncertain in pathogens infection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The global population is projected by the UN to exceed 9.8 billion by 2050.

“According to the United Nations (UN) projections, the global population will exceed 9.8 billion until 2050, all requiring to meet their food demand.”

• cites United Nations (UN) projectionsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms are a high necessity for tackling challenges concerning conservation of resources.

“It is now clear, that indoor vertical farms are a high necessity for tackling the challenges concerning the conservation of their resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Significant land reduction up to 90% can be achieved with indoor vertical farming due to more than 10 times increase in annual crop productivity per unit land area.

“Significant land reduction up to 90% can be achieved with the application of indoor vertical farming, due to the important increase (more than 10 times) of the annual productivity of crops per unit land area.”

May combine two claims.

In the specific survey, 46.7% of the total sample strongly agreed to buy products produced in an indoor vertical farm, 36.4% partly agreed, and 16.8% were not willing to purchase these products.

“Respondents of the specific survey showed a strong willing on buying products that were produced in an indoor vertical farm with 46.7% of the total sample, 36.4% partly agreed on that statement, and finally only 16.8% were not willing to purchase these products.”

• cites Jürkenbeck et al. (2019) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Achieving reduction of energy demand will add extra value in environmental sustainability and make indoor vertical farming more appealing for public, investors, and industry, increasing viability and profitability.

“By achieving the reduction of energy demand, it will add extra value in the environmental sustainability of the system but also it would also make it more appealing for the public, the investors and the industry and will increase the viability and profitability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Consumers seem more skeptical and critical of indoor vertical farming technology.

“However, consumers seem to be more skeptical and critical on this technology.”

May combine two claims.

E. coli O157:H7 was found in fish feces and, because of circulation in closed-loop systems, caused water contamination of plant root surfaces in aquaponic and hydroponic systems.

“More specifically, they reported that E.coli O157:H7 was found in fish feces and because of the circulation that close loops systems, it caused water contamination of the plant root surfaces that were in the aquaponic and the hydroponic systems.”

• cites Wang et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Consumer knowledge and awareness of indoor vertical farming is still limited despite global spread of technology and information.

“Nevertheless, the subjective knowledge and awareness level of consumers on the indoor vertical farming is still limited, even with the excessive spread of technology and information globally”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms produce food safer to consume than open field grown products.

“Even if indoor vertical farms produce food safer to consume than the open field grown products, bottlenecks and hazards can still be introduced during the growing process of crops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Knowledge, information, and nutritional awareness can become a solid solution for higher acceptance of indoor farming and irradiated food products.

“For this reason, it is pointed out that knowledge, information and nutritional awareness can become a solid solution for the higher acceptance of indoor farming and irradiated food products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms significantly decrease CO2 emissions correlated with food transportation from producers and processing facilities.

“Additionally, indoor vertical farms significantly decrease the CO2 emissions that are correlated to food transportation from the producers and the processing facilities.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Proper certified handling, cleaning, and sanitizing processes are important to reduce contamination risk in hydroponic and aquaponic systems because fish may be contaminated by bacteria.

“Since fish probably were contaminated by the bacteria, it is important to follow a proper and certified handling, cleaning and sanitizing process in order to reduce the contamination risk in hydroponic and aquaponics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

One of the most crucial factors affecting contamination possibility is water quality throughout the whole production process, including irrigation water and washing water at post-harvest processing.

“Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors that greatly affect the possibility of contamination is the water quality that involves during the whole production process, including the irrigation water as also the washing water at the post-harvest processing techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

High precision irrigation systems are used in indoor vertical farms to monitor water traveling throughout crops.

“High precision irrigation systems are used in order to monitor the water that travels throughout the crops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms can provide 100 times higher productivity per year per unit land area compared to traditional farming due to zero dependence on weather conditions, seasonality, and possible infections from insects, pests, and bacteria.

“In specific, indoor vertical farms can provide 100 times higher productivity per year per unit land area compared to traditional farming due to the zero dependence on weather conditions, seasonality and possible infections from insects, pests and bacteria.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Despommier (2011) points out opportunity for energy recovery from non-salable crop parts and capture of renewable energy that can create zero energy building for hosting indoor vertical farms.

“However, it is pointed out by Despommier (2011) that there is the opportunity for energy recovery from the non-salable crops' parts and capture of renewable sources of energy that can create zero energy building for hosting indoor vertical farms.”

• cites Despommier (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Overall, customers' behavioral intention to purchase products from indoor vertical farms is highly dependent on sustainability.

“Overall, the behavioral intention of customers to purchase products from indoor vertical farms is highly dependent on sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Bacteria do not grow or prefer targeted geographic locations but are transported to different locations by human activities via clothes, shoes, or skin.

“Bacteria population are not biased, meaning they do not grow or prefer targeted geographic locations, but they are transported to different locations by human activities as they can be brought by clothes, shoes or skin.”

May combine two claims.

Biometric systems allow growers to detect tracking information about plants, and after harvest produce is placed in a traceability system from greenhouse to customer delivery.

“Finally, biometric systems provide to growers the ability to detect tracking information concerning the plants. After harvesting, the produce is set up in a traceability system from the greenhouse plant to the customer delivery service.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Rinsing purchased greens is not particularly effective or protective because harmful pathogens need chemical interference to be detached from plants.

“This is not a particularly effective and protective procedure, since harmful pathogens need interference of chemicals to be detached from plants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants rated greenhouse facilities and outdoor farms higher than indoor vertical farms in terms of naturalness of the production process and final product.

“In another research (Coyle and Ellison, 2017) participants rated higher the greenhouses facilities and the outdoor farms compared to the indoor vertical farms in terms of naturalness in the production process and the final product.”

• cites Coyle and Ellison, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Traditional farming could possibly avoid such temperature/humidity incidents because constant natural air circulation and sunlight could smooth out some errors.

“This incident could be possibly avoided in the case of traditional farming, as the constant natural air circulation and the sunlight could smooth out some of these errors.”

May combine two claims.

Due to technology evolution, holding a large land area is no longer a prerequisite for sufficient fresh food production; multiple layers and optimal control of environmental conditions and crop physiology with minimal crop threats can be used.

“Due to the evolution of technology it is not anymore a prerequisite holding a large area of land for sufficient fresh food production, but the use of multiple layers, optimally controlled (environmental conditions and physiological parameters of the crops and minimum possible loss from crop threats).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Outdoor farming and most greenhouses perform triple-wash on harvested plants as a post-harvest process to mitigate contamination risk.

“Outdoor farming and most of the greenhouses perform triple-wash on the harvested plants in order to mitigate the contamination risk, as a post-harvest process.”

May combine two claims.

Indoor vertical farming does not provide 100% safety for consumers, but it upgrades the safety and security feeling of products compared to open-field grown products.

“Even if it does not provide a 100% safety for consumers, despite the fact that crops grow in a controlled environment protected by wildlife, animals, birds and insects, it upgrades the safety and security feeling of the products than those that grow in open field.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Extensive sterilization and supplier sourcing are applied in indoor vertical farms to control and assure that input resources such as seeds and nutrients are absolutely safe and clean.

“Extensive sterilization and supplier are also applied methodologies of indoor vertical farms that control and assure the input resources of the farms such as seeds, nutrients that need to be absolutely safe and clean.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ultraviolet light outside farms detects possible threats, and air curtains installed in every door control air entering the cultivation room, protecting it from contamination.

“This can be achieved with the use of ultraviolet light outside of the farms that detect possible threats as also air curtains that are installed in every door and can control air that enters the cultivation room protecting it from the danger of contamination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Certified HVAC filters can increase sanitation levels of indoor crops by performing extensive pest monitoring.

“Additional solution that can increase the sanitation levels of indoor crops, is the application of certified HVAC filters, in order to perform an extensive pest monitoring.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Eliminating domestic and wild animals from growing activities inside and outside greenhouses protects crops from foodborne pathogens.

“Significant measure for the protection of crops from foodborne pathogens is also to eliminate the restriction of domestic and wild animals at growing activities inside the greenhouses as well as in the outside area of the buildings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Leafy greens, vegetables, and herbs are high-risk crops because they are usually eaten raw rather than cooked.

“Leafy greens, vegetables and herbs are considered of high-risk crops since they are usually not cooked but eaten raw.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Between every translocation of plants in indoor vertical farms, there is intensive quality check to prevent crop contamination.

“Between every translocation of plants, there is intensive quality check to prevent crops' contamination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indoor vertical farms are usually installed in urban or suburban areas in shaded and/or abandoned buildings due to soilless farming techniques and artificial lighting, providing access to fresh and nutritious greeneries to citizens.

“This can be achieved since indoor vertical farms are usually installed in the urban or suburban areas in shaded and/or abandoned buildings (or even basements) due to the soilless farming techniques and the artificial lighting, providing access to fresh and”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

People's perceptions of technological innovations in agriculture are associated with high risks for food production and low expectations of technology benefits.

“More specifically, peoples' perception with technological innovations in agriculture are associated with high risks for food production presenting low expectations on the provided benefits of technology used (Sparks et al., 1994).”

• cites Sparks et al., 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People select purchased food based on concerns about naturalness, ethics, and environmental status.

“People seem to select their purchased food based on their concerns on the naturalness, ethics and environmental status.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A significant sustainability characteristic of indoor vertical farms is minimization of food delivered losses.

“Significant characteristic of indoor vertical farms in terms of sustainability is the minimization food delivered losses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Further improvements in equipment efficiency and effectiveness will lead to a significant decrease in energy demand of indoor vertical farming systems.

“It is of vital importance further improvements on the efficiency and effectiveness of the equipment that will lead to a significant decrease of the energy demand of the systems.”

May combine two claims.

Even if indoor farms are a safer environment compared to other farming types, if a controlled environment develops a bacterial infection, it will be extremely difficult to eliminate contamination and protect the rest of the growing crop.

“Furthermore, it should be noted that even if indoor farms consist a safer environment compared to other farming types, if a controlled environment develops for some reason bacterial infection, it will be extremely difficult to eliminate the contamination and protect the rest of the growing crop.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Even if consumers generally prefer naturally and traditionally produced food, food from indoor vertical farms grown without chemical additives is highly considered.

“Even if consumers in general prefer naturally and traditionally produced food, nevertheless the fact that food of indoor vertical farms grow without chemical additives is highly considered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Triple-wash causes quality reduction in greens, including loss of flavor and texture, and carries concurrent risk of contamination if incorrectly applied.

“Unfortunately, this method cause quality reduction to greeneries, as is observed loss of flavor and texture along with the concurrent risk of contamination existing and spreading under the possibility of incorrect application.”

May combine two claims.

Threats in indoor vertical farms include dirt and bacteria transferred from workers and dangerous threats in the nutrient medium, including chemical sources, cleanliness, and water safety.

“Such threats can be dirt and bacteria transferred from the workers and dangerous threats in the nutrient medium that include chemical sources, cleanliness and water safety.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Application of innovative technologies that operate extensive integrated pest monitoring can further eliminate risk from potential contamination.

“Another solution for further risk elimination from potential contamination, is the application of innovative technologies that operate extensive integrated pest monitoring.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Perceived behavioral control does not influence customers' willingness to buy, but it has some influence on the behavioral intention of willingness to purchase the product.

“However, it should be noted that the perceived behavioral control does not influence the customers' willingness to buy, but it has some influence on the behavioral intension of willingness to purchase the product.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Innovative hydroponic or aeroponic methods usually draw water from filtered and drinkable sources and distribute it at each crop often without touching the salable plant parts, by liquid, mist, or fog sprayed only into the root section.

“Innovative hydroponic or aeroponic methods usually draw water from filtered and drinkable sources and distribute it at each crop often without even touching the salable part of the plants. This is achieved either by the use of water in liquid form, mist or fog that sprays it only into the root section of the plants and not in the parts consumed.”

May combine two claims.

Start-up costs associated with indoor vertical farms are significant; developing a vertical greenhouse is more expensive than a normal greenhouse.

“Significant is also the start-up costs that are associated with indoor vertical farms as it is clear that it is more expensive to develop a vertical greenhouse than a normal greenhouse (Fletcher, 2012).”

• cites Fletcher, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is difficult, time-consuming, and costly to control all plants even in an indoor vertical farm to achieve a 100% safe food product.

“It is a very difficult, time consuming and α costly process to control all the plants even in an indoor vertical farm for having a 100% safe food product.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People have higher confidence and trust in greenhouse products, then indoor vertical farms, and finally outdoor farming products, concerning quality status of the final product.

“Concerning the quality status of the final product people also seem to present higher levels of confidence and trust on the greenhouse products and subsequently indoor vertical farms and finally in outdoor farming products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms apply only nutrient elements in irrigation and completely avoid chemicals during plant growing, excluding pesticides, herbicides, and chemical spraying for fertilization.

“Indoor vertical farms apply only nutrient elements in the irrigation system and completely avoid the use any chemicals during the growing period of plants, excluding all the types of pesticides, herbicides and chemical spaying for fertilization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The majority of selected cultivated crops of indoor vertical farms are among species with higher contamination risk when grown outdoors or unprotected because they grow very close to ground level.

“The majority of the selected cultivated crops of indoor vertical farms are among the species with the higher contamination risk when they grow outdoors or unprotected, because they grow very close to the ground level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Significant reductions can be observed in cooling fuel demand necessary to cool production for long-distance transport.

“In addition, significant reductions can be observed in the cooling fuel demand, necessary to cool the production in order to be transported in long distances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Jürkenbeck et al. (2019), customers replied that LED lighting is not considered too artificial for horticulture and slightly agreed that they do not consider indoor vertical farming too artificial concerning the overall production system.

“According to Jürkenbeck et al. (2019), customers replied that LED lighting is not considered a too artificial tool for horticulture and slightly agreed that they do not consider indoor vertical farming too artificial concerning the overall production system.”

• cites Jürkenbeck et al. (2019) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farms save 100% of pesticide use in their interior by maintaining the culture area clean and insect-free.

“Indoor vertical farms save 100% of the pesticide use in their interior by maintaining the culture area clean and insect-free.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Indoor farming philosophy depends on monitoring and constant control of crops and all resources entering and leaving the farm, isolated from nature.

“The philosophy of indoor farming depends on monitoring and constant controlling of the crops as also of all the resources that come in and out from the farm and they are isolated from Mother Nature where many threats and contamination sources may appear.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

One significant benefit of indoor vertical farms is the ability, after proper processing, to use waste water, crop wastes, and excessive CO2 produced in urban areas as input resources of water, nutrients, and CO2 in the culture area.

“Finally, one of the significant benefits that indoor vertical farms provide is the ability after proper processing of the use of waste water, crop wastes and excessive CO2 produced in urban areas, as input resources of water, nutrients and CO2 in the culture area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The whole system of indoor farming can synchronize and manipulate huge amounts of carbon and simultaneously release oxygen into the atmosphere from plants' respiration.

“At the same time, the whole system of indoor farming can synchronize and manipulate huge amounts of carbon and simultaneously release into the atmosphere oxygen from plants' respiration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Naturalness is a high influencing indicator for consumers' selection globally and a critical factor in the usefulness of an agricultural system.

“Naturalness seems to be a high influencing indicator for consumers' selection globally as also a critical significant factor on the usefulness of the agricultural system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These protocols include strict control imposing use of facemasks, hair and beard nets, footbaths, and clean or single-use suits, which can diminish contamination risk.

“That include strict control by imposing the use of facemasks, hair and beard net, footbaths and clean or single-use suits, which can diminish the risk of contamination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A significant share of consumers evaluates indoor vertical farming as an artificial agricultural process in order to trust its footprint outcome.

“On the other hand, a significant share of the consumers evaluates indoor vertical farming as an artificial agricultural process in order to trust their footprint outcome.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Produce Rule, all tools and equipment used in the production line should be inspected, cleaned, sanitized, and maintained throughout production, harvesting, and post-harvesting to prevent contamination.

“According to Produce Rule, all the tools and equipment that used in the production line should be inspected, cleaned, sanitized and maintain in this condition throughout the whole production, harvesting and post-harvesting process, in order to prevent contamination.”

• cites Produce RuleNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Multiple studies estimate and analyze significant increased food demand in urban areas.

“This becomes even more important by the multiple studies that estimate and analyze the significant increased food demand in urban areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Further development in automation will scale up projects to create more feasible scenarios from economic and commercial perspectives.

“This will be scaling up the projects in order to create more feasible scenarios both from economic and commercial perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

If indoor vertical farms achieve to produce up to 50 times more yield compared to traditional farming, then they can offset capital expenditures and expensive land use.

“More specifically, if indoor vertical farms achieve to produce up to 50 times more yield compared to traditional farming, then they can offset the capital expenditures and the expensive land use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farming presents important advantages compared to traditional farming concerning required sustainability by focusing on three main categories: environmental, economic, and social.

“Indoor vertical farming presents important advantages compared to traditional farming, concerning the required sustainability in our times by focusing in three main categories: environmental, economic and social.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Even if theoretically all types of crops could be cultivated indoors, that would not be economically feasible due to highly increased energy demand.

“Even if theoretically, all types of crops could be cultivated indoors, that would not be economically feasible due to the highly increased energy demand.”

May combine two claims.

In that work, different investment scenarios based on cash flow analyses show that IUVF can present high IRR and a payback period between 2 and 6 years.

“In the specific work, different investment scenarios are presented based on the cash flow analyses and show that IUVF can present high IRR (Investment Return Rate) as also a payback period between 2 and 6 years.”

• cites Avgoustaki and Xydis (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Indoor vertical farming presents high interest and potential to play a critical role in the demanded sustainability in food of urban areas.

“Indoor vertical farming presents a high interest and potential to play a critical role in the demanded sustainability in food of urban areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).