Present Knowledge in Nutrition

Abstract

A-B-C model of behavior 1057–8 abdominal (visceral) fat alcohol consumption and 917 cardiovascular risk 715 diabetes risk 817–18 insulin resistance and 733 interpopulation differences 1160 measurement 710 acarbose 739, 820 accelerometers 1063, 1099 acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) 1112, 1114, 1116, 1119 ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) study 821 aceruloplasminemia 541 acetaldehyde 913, 914, 914 acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 913 genotypes 914 acetaminophen, pharmaco-metabonomics 52 acetate alcohol-derived 913, 916 dietary fiber intake and 105 acetoacetate, metabolomic studies 50 acetylcholine (ACh) 406, 406 acetyl-CoA 135, 137 control of CoA synthesis 379 acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC) 361, 362, 365 biotin deficiency 366, 367 N-acetylcysteine (NAC), liver disease 897–8 acetyl-L-carnitine 392, 394, 396 supplements 397–9 acetyl transferase 381 acidosis, chronic kidney disease 876 acitretin 150, 151 acne vulgaris 172 acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) 523, 526, 530, 699 activity energy expenditure (AEE) see physical activity energy expenditure acute-phase response 694 acylcarnitine esters 391, 394 metabolomics 50, 53 acyl carrier protein (ACP) 386–7 chemistry 376, 377 selected functions 380, 380–1, 381 synthesis 379–80 acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 121, 125 added sugars 85, 86 cardiovascular health and 822 current intakes 92 global availability 1153 human health and 92–3 addiction, food 1035–6, 1052 additives, food, idiosyncratic reactions 1231 adenosine thiamin triphosphate (AThTP) 262, 262, 268 adenosine triphosphate see ATP S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) liver disease 898 methylation reactions 325, 327, 345–6, 346 regulation of methylation 329 S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase 16, 327 S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) boron interactions 591 choline synthesis 406 dietary influences 20 methionine synthesis 346 regulation of methylation 327–9, 347 supplements, liver disease 898–9 transmethylation reactions 16, 327, 345, 346 adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) 268 adequate intake (AI) 625, 1112, 1114, 1116 adipose tissue abdominal distribution see abdominal fat imaging 1006–7 immune function 695–6 adolescents 637–53 calcium intake 638, 639, 641 developmental epigenetics 20 dietary habits/intakes 639 eating disorders 646 growth 638 hyperlipidemia 645, 645–6 nutritional assessment 643, 1186 nutritional needs 638–43 obesity 638, 643, 643–5, 644 physical activity/sports 647–8 pregnancy 646–7 unhealthy eating 646 vegetarianism 647 ADP cyclases 299–300 adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), enteral feeding 987, 988 aerobic exercise performance effect of hypohydration 496–7, 497 iron deficiency 515 Afghanistan 1184 age diet and cancer risk 845 energy requirements and 63, 63–5, 64 hypertension prevalence and 722 Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) 955, 965, 966, 967 Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) 194, 966 age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 941, 955–66 B vitamins and 960, 963 carotenoids and 192–4, 959–60, 961–2, 966 dietary patterns and 966–7 intervention studies 966 omega-3 fatty acids and 964–6, 965 vitamin C and 956, 957, 959, 966 vitamin E and 223–4, 956–9, 958, 966 zinc and 960–4