Cited by 104Child Abuse and TraumaAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample

Open access

Jimenez, Manuel E., Wade, Roy, Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira, Lin, Yong, Reichman, Nancy E.·2017·Academic Pediatrics

DOI 10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.009PMC PMC5555409

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective To examine associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 9 years using longitudinal data and assess the extent to which ACEs during middle childhood are independently associated with ADHD at age 9 years.Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Fragile Families urban birth cohort 5- and 9-year interviews. The sample was limited to children for whom mothers were the primary caregiver and mother-reported information on 8 ACEs and ADHD were available at age 5 and 9 years. We examined associations between ACEs and parent-reported ADHD at age 9 years using logistic regression and controlling for potential confounders.Results We included 1572 children; 48% were African American, 11% had parent-reported ADHD at age 9 years, 41% and 42% experienced ≥1 ACE by age 5 years and between the ages of 5 and 9 years, respectively. ACEs before age 5 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years. One, 2, and ≥3 ACEs between age 5 and 9 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years even after controlling for ACEs before age 5 years and ADHD at age 5 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3; AOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8; and AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3).Conclusions In this study of urban children, ACEs occurring before age 5 years as well as between the ages of 5 and 9 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years. Even after controlling for early childhood ACEs and ADHD at age 5 years, the association between ADHD and ACEs in middle childhood remained significant, highlighting the importance of screening and intervention throughout childhood.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.009

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943 · cited 2×
“Following previous work using the FFCWS data to study ACEs and child academic and behavioral outcomes,17 we included the original 9 ACEs from the 1988 study from Felitti et al, which did not include divorce/separation as an ACE.12 Although more recent studies included divorce/separation as an additional ACE, recent qu…”
Method
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents.
Straus, M., Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. K. (1998) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00174-9 · Cited by 2,528
Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents.
Green, M. (1994) · Cited by 1,663
Fragile Families: sample and design
Reichman, N. E., Teitler, J. O., Garfinkel, I., & McLanahan, S. (2001) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(01)00141-4 · Cited by 1,616 · cited 2×
“A more detailed description of the study design and methods, including protection of human subjects, can be found in past work.(21,22) The current study used publicly available deidentified data files.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Trends in the Parent-Report of Health Care Provider-Diagnosed and Medicated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: United States, 2003–2011
Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., Ghandour, R. M., Perou, R., & Blumberg, S. J. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001 · Cited by 1,263 · cited 1×
“ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental diagnosis among US children.(1,2) Individuals with ADHD experience poor health outcomes, increased psychiatric morbidity, increased injury, poor peer relationships, and poor educational outcomes compared with individuals without ADHD.”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Smoking During Adolescence and Adulthood
Anda, R. F. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.17.1652 · Cited by 1,256
Bright Futures Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 4th Ed
(2017) · doi:10.1542/9781610020237 · Cited by 769
Adverse Childhood Experiences: Assessing The Impact On Health And School Engagement And The Mitigating Role Of Resilience
Bethell, C. D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., & Halfon, N. (2014) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914 · Cited by 669
The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population
Burke, N. J., Hellman, J. L., Scott, B. G., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2011) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.006 · Cited by 594

Show all 37 references

Sorted by citations

Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among US children.
Crouch, E., Probst, J., Radcliff, E., Bennett, K. J., & McKinney, S. (2019) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.010 · Cited by 332
Adverse childhood experiences and the onset of chronic disease in young adulthood
Sonu, S. C., Post, S. L., & Feinglass, J. M. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.032 · Cited by 301
All in the Family? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Parenting and Family Environment as Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children
Claussen, A. H., Holbrook, J. R., Hutchins, H. J., Robinson, L. R., Bloomfield, J., Meng, L. M., Bitsko, R. H., O’Masta, B., Cerles, A. A., Maher, B. S., et al. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01358-4 · Cited by 193
“Such impact on brain development in turn can influence the development of ADHD symptoms (Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015; Jimenez et al., 2017; Strathearn et al., 2020) and also of executive function skills, which play a major role in ADHD (Hughes & Devine, 2017; Pallini et al., 2019).”
Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study
Wüstner, A., Otto, C., Schlack, R., Hölling, H., Klasen, F., & Ravens‐Sieberer, U. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214412 · Cited by 134
Pediatrics adverse childhood experiences and related life events screener (PEARLS) and health in a safety-net practice
Thakur, N., Hessler, D., Koita, K., Ye, M., Benson, M., Gilgoff, R., Bucci, M., Long, D., & Harris, N. B. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104685 · Cited by 126
ADHD in the DSM-5-TR: What has changed and what has not
Koutsoklenis, A., & Honkasilta, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1064141 · Cited by 89
“Other social factors that correlate with the manifestation of inattentive, compulsive and/or hyperkinetic behaviors are not discussed, such as poverty and socioeconomic hardship (14, 15), childhood trauma (16, 17), child maltreatment (18), death in the family (19), low family cohesion (20), parental psychiatric disord…”
Background
The Effects of Neighborhood Context on Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Among Adolescents Involved in the Juvenile Justice System: Latent Classes and Contextual Effects
Wolff, K. T., Cuevas, C., Intravia, J., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0887-5 · Cited by 81
“ACEs are also related to being diagnosed with ADHD during childhood (Hunt et al. 2017; Jimenez et al. 2017).”
Background
Adverse experiences in infancy and toddlerhood: Relations to adaptive behavior and academic status in middle childhood
McKelvey, L. M., Edge, N. A. C., Mesman, G. R., Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Bradley, R. H. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.026 · Cited by 74
The Roadmap for Resilience: The California Surgeon General's Report on Adverse Childhood Experiences, Toxic Stress, and Health
Bhushan, D., Kotz, K. J., McCall, J., Wirtz, S., Gilgoff, R., Dube, S. R., Powers, C., Olson-Morgan, J., Galeste, M., Patterson, K., et al. (2020) · doi:10.48019/peam8812 · Cited by 79
ADHD and Exposure to Maltreatment in Children and Youth: a Systematic Review of the Past 10 Years
Craig, S., Bondi, B. C., O'Donnell, K., Pepler, D., & Weiss, M. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01193-w · Cited by 58
Gender Differences in the Accumulation, Timing, and Duration of Childhood Adverse Experiences and Youth Delinquency in Fragile Families
Pierce, H., & Jones, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278211003227 · Cited by 66
“2016) and have developmental, social, and behavioral delays (Cprek et al. 2020; Guinosso et al. 2015; Jimenez et al. 2017) in middle childhood and late adolescence.”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Digital Media Use Among U.S. Children
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Fox, B. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.018 · Cited by 68
Early Life Stress, Hormones, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Makris, G., Eleftheriades, A., & Pervanidou, P. (2022) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000523942 · Cited by 67
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Delinquency: A Theoretically Informed Investigation of Mediators during Middle Childhood
Jackson, D. B., Jones, M. S., Semenza, D. C., & Testa, A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043202 · Cited by 56
Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Common Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Health Conditions among U.S. Children
Zarei, K., Xu, G., Zimmerman, B., Giannotti, M., & Strathearn, L. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8090761 · Cited by 55
Early adverse childhood experiences and exclusionary discipline in high school
Pierce, H., Jones, M. S., & Gibbs, B. G. (2021) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102621 · Cited by 60
Synergistic adversities and behavioral problems in traumatized children and adolescents
Putnam, F. W., Amaya-Jackson, L., Putnam, K. T., & Briggs, E. C. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104492 · Cited by 51
Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis and Severity
Crouch, E., Radcliff, E., Bennett, K. J., Brown, M. J., & Hung, P. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.03.009 · Cited by 50
Associations of adverse childhood experiences with adolescent total sleep time, social jetlag, and insomnia symptoms
Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Sosnowski, D. W., Ingram, M. M., Jackson, C. L., Maher, B. S., Alfano, C. A., Meltzer, L. J., & Spira, A. P. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.019 · Cited by 56
Closed-loop digital meditation for neurocognitive and behavioral development in adolescents with childhood neglect
Mishra, J., Sagar, R., Parveen, S., Kumaran, S. S., Modi, K., Maric, V., Ziegler, D. A., & Gazzaley, A. H. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0820-z · Cited by 53
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma-Informed Care in Rehabilitation Clinical Practice
Ranjbar, N. E., & Erb, M. (2019) · Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation · doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2019.100003 · Cited by 49
Cumulative adverse childhood experiences and children’s health
Turney, K. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105538 · Cited by 43
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with at-risk drinking, cannabis and illicit drug use in females but not males: an Emergency Department study
Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., Alter, H., & Ponicki, W. R. (2020) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2020.1823989 · Cited by 50
“Given the evidence for ACE-related health disparities among urban, low-income populations (Burke et al., 2011; Jimenez et al., 2017; Wade Jr. et al., 2016) the development of effective primary prevention should be the focus of multisector collaborative efforts among community, state and federal entities.”
Background
The impact of adverse childhood experiences on healthcare utilization in children
Koball, A. M., Domoff, S. E., Klevan, J. L., Olson-Dorff, D., Borgert, A. J., & Rasmussen, C. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104797 · Cited by 44
Gender, adverse childhood experiences, and the development of self-control
Chapple, C. L., Pierce, H., & Jones, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101811 · Cited by 46
Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neurocognitive Development
Yu, J., Haynie, D. L., & Gilman, S. E. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.1318 · Cited by 46
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents
Elkins, J., Briggs, H. E., Miller, K. M., Kim, I., Orellana, E. R., & Mowbray, O. P. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-018-0585-x · Cited by 33
The Intersection and Dynamics between COVID-19, Health Disparities, and Adverse Childhood Experiences
Sonu, S. C., Marvin, D., & Moore, C. E. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00363-z · Cited by 39
“…et al., 2003) (depression (Ege et al., 2015; Chapman et al., 2004; Li et al., 2016; Merrick et al., 2017), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Jimenez et al., 2017), anxiety (Li et al., 2016), posttraumatic stress disorder (Schalinski et al., 2016), suicidality (Dube et al., 2001; Felitti et…”
Background
Early Adverse Childhood Experiences and Positive Functioning during Adolescence
Pierce, H., Jones, M. S., Shoaf, H., & Heim, M. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01729-8 · Cited by 37
“For example, studies have found that exposure to ACEs is associated with developmental and behavioral delays and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis (Jimenez et al., 2017), and mental illness (Schalinski et al., 2016).”
Background
Developmental Neuroendocrinology of Early-Life Stress: Impact on Child Development and Behavior
Nicolaides, N. C., Kanaka‐Gantenbein, C., & Pervanidou, P. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230810162344 · Cited by 29
Association of Adverse Childhood Experience and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with depressive symptoms among men who have sex with men in China: moderated mediation effect of resilience
Ding, C., Wang, T., Chen, X., Li, J., Wang, W., Huang, D., Yan, H., & Li, S. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-8016-2 · Cited by 25
Adverse childhood experiences and traumatic brain injury among adolescents: findings from the 2016–2018 National Survey of Children’s Health
Jackson, D. B., Posick, C., Vaughn, M. G., & Testa, A. M. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01687-1 · Cited by 23
“To be precise, ACEs have been found to increase the likelihood of risk- and sensation-seeking behaviors [23] as well as correlated psychiatric conditions that can place individuals at risk of TBIs, including ADHD [24, 25] and conduct disorder [26].”
Background
Infant Health and Future Childhood Adversity
Reichman, N. E., Corman, H., Noonan, K., & Jiménez, M. E. (2017) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-017-2418-5 · Cited by 22
“The findings also underscore the importance of establishing the timing of adversities relative to poor health in studies of ACEs and subsequent health, as in a recent study that used the longitudinal FFCWB data to investigate associations between children’s ACEs at one time point and ADHD diagnosis at a subsequent tim…”
ResultSelf-citation
Bidirectional Relations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Children’s Behavioral Problems
Zhang, L., & Mersky, J. P. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-020-00720-1 · Cited by 22
Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Childhood Atopic Dermatitis in the United States
McKenzie, C., & Silverberg, J. I. (2020) · Dermatitis · doi:10.1097/der.0000000000000550 · Cited by 21
“Composite scores in the top 10th percentile of the sample were deemed high risk for abuse and neglect as previously described.(27,28) At the 15-year follow-up interview, teenagers independently completed a youth survey that assessed abuse and neglect.”
Method
Troubled beginnings: the adverse childhood experiences and placement histories of a detained adolescent population with developmental disorders
Morris, D. J., Webb, E. L., Parmar, E., Trundle, G., & McLean, A. (2020) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/amhid-01-2020-0003 · Cited by 21
Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Major Depressive Episode and Chronic Physical Health in Adolescents: Moderation of Race/Ethnicity
Elkins, J., Miller, K. M., Briggs, H. E., Kim, I., Mowbray, O. P., & Orellana, E. R. (2019) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2019.1617216 · Cited by 21
Biological Burden of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Children
de la Rosa, R., Zablotny, D., Ye, M., Bush, N. R., Hessler, D., Koita, K., Bucci, M., Long, D., & Thakur, N. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001167 · Cited by 18
“ACEs have been associated with proximal outcomes that occur during childhood, including behavioral challenges (49–51), mental health (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) (50,52), and physical”
Background
Shared Reading at Age 1 Year and Later Vocabulary: A Gene–Environment Study
Jiménez, M. E., Reichman, N. E., Mitchell, C. M., Schneper, L. M., McLanahan, S., & Notterman, D. A. (2019) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.008 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Adverse childhood experiences—household stressors and children’s mental health: a single centre retrospective review
Holmes, H., Darmanthé, N., Tee, K., & Goodchild, M. (2021) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001209 · Cited by 16
A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Investigating the Association Between Early Life Maternal Depression and Offspring ADHD
Tucker, J. R. D., & Hobson, C. W. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211063642 · Cited by 18
“Jimenez et al., (2017), reported a dose-response relationship, with greater number of ACEs associated with more severe ADHD symptomatology, controlling for early life ADHD symptoms.”
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Teen Behavior Outcomes: The Role of Disability
James, C. A., Jiménez, M. E., Wade, R., & Nepomnyaschy, L. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.05.006 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Risks of adverse childhood experiences on healthcare utilization and outcomes in early childhood
Lewis, K. N., McKelvey, L. M., Zhang, D., Moix, E., & Whiteside-Mansell, L. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106396 · Cited by 12
The Effect and Mechanism of Adverse Childhood Experience on Suicide Ideation in Young Cancer Patients During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
Yang, G., Xiao, C., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s266269 · Cited by 14
Adverse Experiences and Special Health Care Needs Among Children
Kan, K., Gupta, R. S., Davis, M. M., Heard‐Garris, N., & Garfield, C. F. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02874-x · Cited by 12
Childhood Environmental Unpredictability and Adolescent Mental Health and Behavioral Problems
Koss, K. J., Kronaizl, S. G., Brown, R., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2025) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14248 · Cited by 11
Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Stress among the Community-based Urban Pediatric Population in Korea
Lee, M., Kim, H. S., & Bhang, S. (2020) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e421 · Cited by 11
Association of adverse childhood experiences and depression among medical students: the role of family functioning and insomnia
Tao, H., Zeng, X., Hou, M., Chen, S., Shen, J., Liao, X., & Zou, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134631 · Cited by 12
“As a chronic stressor, ACEs are more likely to predispose victims to future mental illness (Jimenez et al., 2017; Westermair et al., 2018).”
Background
Child-Centered Play Therapy and Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Single-Case Research Design
Schoonover, T., & Perryman, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2022.2138045 · Cited by 11
“In addition to the studies that focused on the prevalence of ACEs in children, there are studies that explored the impact that the exposure has on children (Clarkson Freeman, 2014; Fox et al., 2015; Gruhn & Compas, 2020; Jimenez et al., 2017; Ray et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
The combined effects of adverse childhood experiences and neighborhood quality on child health and well-being
Jones, M. S., Everett, H. D., & Hoffmann, J. P. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106913 · Cited by 9
Unseen Costs: The Direct and Indirect Impact of U.S. Immigration Policies on Child and Adolescent Health and Well‐Being
Mattingly, T. J., Kiser, L. J., Hill, S., Briggs, E. C., Trunzo, C. P., Zafarí, Z., & Betancourt, T. S. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22576 · Cited by 9
“The political debate over access to living conditions has garnered considerable media attention and has raised the pressing health-related question: What are the direct and indirect health-related costs of these shifting immigration policies given the risk for traumatic separation and loss among children? Children exp…”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Symptoms Among French College Students
Schwartz, A. N., Galéra, C., Kerbage, H., Montagni, I., & Tzourio, C. (2023) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00543-z · Cited by 9
“…relationship between the number of accumulated ACEs and ADHD symptoms and severity (Briscoe-Smith & Hinshaw, 2006; Crouch et al., 2021; Ford et al., 2000; Fuller-Thomson & Lewis, 2015; Fuller-Thomson et al., 2014; Hunt et al., 2017; Jimenez et al., 2017; Ouyang et al., 2008; Zarei et al., 2021).”
Background
Examining adverse childhood experiences and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review
Wojtara, M. S., Syeda, Y., Singh, H., Rana, E., & Sabeer, S. (2023) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.26 · Cited by 14
Longitudinal Patterns of Multidimensional Violence Exposure and Adolescent Early Sexual Initiation
Vasilenko, S. A., Wang, X., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02607-5 · Cited by 8
“We then summed up the frequencies of those five items and identified participants whose scores of frequencies were high in top 10 percentile of the entire study sample, consistent with coding in prior work (e.g., Jimenez et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020).”
Result
Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychiatric Disorders Among Adolescents with ADHD: A Latent Class Analysis
Song, J. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01645-3 · Cited by 10
“The effect of ACEs amplifies symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity and leads to ADHD diagnosis due to the brain in early childhood being vulnerable to the influence of toxic stress [28].”
Effect of Daily Stress on School Adjustment among Children at Community Child Centers: Mediating Roles of Inattention and Social Withdrawal
Lee, R. (2024) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2024.32.1.1 · Cited by 6
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Latinx Families: A Comparison between Intraracial and Interracial Families
Wang, X., Shen, F., Zhang, Y., & Wu, S. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12060173 · Cited by 5
Academic failure and the role of early life course economic deprivation
Edmunds, C. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104528 · Cited by 5
Assessing Disproportional Calls Home for Problems at School: A Critical Race Framing and Analysis of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Childhood Adversities
Joseph, A., Massey, M., Sanders, J. E., & Mitchell, B. D. (2024) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859241293106 · Cited by 4
“Children who experience ACEs often face a greater psychiatric toll, evident in high rates of stress, depression, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention de ﬁ cit hyperactivity disorder (Cisler et al., 2012; Costello et al., 2002; Horn et al., 2019; Jimenez et al., 2017).”
Paternal Depression at Kindergarten Entry and Teacher-Reported Behavior at Age 9 Years
Schmitz, K., Noonan, K., Corman, H., Nguyen, J. M., Jiménez, M. E., & Reichman, N. E. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.01.017 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Αντίξοες εμπειρίες κατά την παιδική ηλικία: προεκτάσεις για ένα ευαισθητοποιημένο σχολείο στις ψυχοκοινωνικές και μαθησιακές ανάγκες των μαθητών
Touloumakos, A. Κ., Adamopoulou, E., & Evangelou-Tsitiridou, M. (2023) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.26786 · Cited by 6
The School Counselors Role in Supporting Teachers Working with Children who Have Experienced Trauma: Lessons Learned
Perryman, K. L., Schoonover, T., & Thomas, H. F. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00680-z · Cited by 3
“…externalized symptoms like those of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) and other aggressive and disruptive behaviors (Clarkson Freeman, 2014; Fox et al., 2015; Fuller-Thomson & Lewis, 2015; Jimenez et al., 2017; Ray et al., 2020; Ray et al., 2022; Schoonover & Perryman, 2023).”
Comparing the relationship between three resilience frameworks and mental health outcomes among children who experienced multiple adverse childhood experiences
Keane, K. J., Evans, R. R., Wilkinson, L. L., King, D. M., Leban, L., & Macrina, D. M. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108237 · Cited by 3
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a Possible Evidence-Based Rehabilitation Treatment Option for a Patient with ADHD and History of Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Case Report Study
Guidetti, C., Brogna, P., Chieffo, D. R. P., Turrini, I., Arcangeli, V., Rausa, A., Bianchetti, M., Rolleri, E., Santomassimo, C., Cesare, G. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13020200 · Cited by 3
“Interestingly, a longitudinal study found that experiencing ACEs before age 5 years was associated with ADHD at age 9 years [9].”
Background
Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated With Seizures in Children
Anto, M. M., Shipley, S. C., Massey, S. L., & Szperka, C. L. (2023) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200136 · Cited by 3
Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) before age 3: Evidence for the Family Map Inventory
Whiteside-Mansell, L., McKelvey, L., Lewis, K. N., & Peters, R. M. (2022) · HS Dialog: The Research to Practice Journal for the Early Childhood Field · doi:10.55370/hsdialog.v25i2.1353 · Cited by 1
“These range from concurrent disruptions in development in early childhood to early adolescent behavior concerns to serious illness in adulthood such as cancer, diseases of the heart, lungs, and liver (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014; Chanlongbutra, Singh, & Mueller, 2018; Gilgoff, Singh, Koita, Gentile, & Marques…”
Background
Psychophysiological Insights into Child-Centered Play Therapy for Trauma: A Case Study
Perryman, K. L., Robinson, S., Schoonover, T., & Conroy, J. (2024) · Trauma Care · doi:10.3390/traumacare4030019 · Cited by 3
Exploring Interrelatedness of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Infancy and Toddlerhood: Using Latent Class Approaches to Examine Developmental Outcomes
McKelvey, L. M., Zhang, D., Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Selig, J. P. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00066-w · Cited by 3
Child Centered Play Therapy and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Effectiveness on Impulsivity and Inattention
Kram, K. (2019) · doi:10.12794/metadc1538663 · Cited by 3
Interplay Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence
Jangid, R., Seema, N., Arun, G., Prasad, B. V., Walia, D., & Rana, S. (2025) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531251359413 · Cited by 2
“29 Supporting these findings, further research indicated a strong cumulative relationship showing that children who experienced more than four ACEs had approximately four times increased odds of ADHD compared to those having no exposure to ACEs.”
When Trauma Mimics ADHD
McDonald, A. C., & Ingram, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96950-8_16 · Cited by 2
Predictors of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Behaviors in Chinese Adoptees: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Peng, Y.-H., Liu, Y., & Tan, T. X. (2023) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2023.2233273 · Cited by 2
“Contextual factors such as early life adverse experiences may account for prevalence and severity of symptoms of ADHD (Jimenez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological intimate partner violence, child witnessing of parental arguments, and emotional-behavioral outcomes in five-years old: The French ELFE cohort
Bailhache, M., El-Khoury, F., Leproux, O., Chazelas, E., Gomajee, R., van der Waerden, J. E. B., Galéra, C., Charles, M.-A. A., & Melchior, M. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107185 · Cited by 2
The Coexistence of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Positive Childhood Experiences, and Parent-reported Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Severity: National Survey of Children's Health
Hong, S.-J., Vu, M. H., Vanderbilt, D., Yin, L., Imagawa, K. K., & Deavenport-Saman, A. (2025) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001395 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with the occurrence and persistence of subthreshold and full attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in women: A population-based epidemiological study
Buadze, A., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Müller, M., Xu, Y., Seifritz, E., Wagner, E.-Y. N., von Känel, R., Glaus, J., Ranjbar, S., Castelao, E., et al. (2026) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340179 · Cited by 1
Considerations on Resilience in At-Risk Youth
Vinson, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90350-7_1
Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Predictors of an Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis
Schoonover, T., Robinson, S., & Perryman, K. L. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2026.2615613 · Cited by 1
“Researchers have found a connection between ACE exposure and symptoms that are similar to an ADHD diagnosis (Fuller-Thomson & Lewis, 2015; Hunt et al., 2017; Jimenez et al., 2017; Van der Kolk, 2014).”
Influential
Cumulative Adverse Childhood Experiences and Multiple Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Population‐Based Study
Lin, J., Scott, J. G., Eapen, V., Kallapiran, K., O’Shea, P., Haslam, D. M., Edirippulige, S., & Davidson, P. M. (2026) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70202 · Cited by 1
“After disaggregating multiple NDDs, the number of ACEs was significantly associated with six specific combinations of NDDs in the fully adjusted models (Table 2, Figure 3), including for children with concurrent LD and ID (i.e., LD + ID) (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04–1.40), LD + ASD (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.38), LD + S…”
Influential
Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Factors, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Zuckerman, K. E., & Pachter, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000645 · Cited by 1
“The relationship between behavioral symptoms and childhood trauma (i.e., adverse childhood events [ACEs]) in particular may make parents more reluctant to raise behavioral symptoms with providers, despite the fact that ACEs are widespread and are risk factors for ADHD.18,19 Many low-income and/or racial/ ethnic minori…”
BackgroundInfluential
School Counselors' Perceptions of Trauma-Informed Approaches in Schools
Burkhardt, E. A. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1
When Trauma Mimics ADHD
McDonald, A. C., & Ejesi, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62393-7_13 · Cited by 1
Specific Adverse Childhood Experiences and Homelessness are Associated with Increased Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample
(2023) · doi:10.54289/jppc2300101 · Cited by 1
Effects of Adversities during Childhood on Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Comparison of Typically Developing Children and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Group
Lim, Y. B., Kweon, K., & Kim, B.-N. (2021) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.210003 · Cited by 1
Developmental origins of ADHD: sex-specific influences of early life unpredictability on symptom profiles
Sweiss, E. C., Vargas, V., Sandman, C., Poggi Davis, E., Hankin, B. L., & Glynn, L. M. (2026) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174426100622
Dual vulnerability: Trauma type and burden impact behavioral and psychosocial functioning in children with ADHD
Bhoyroo, R., Chivers, P., Morandini, H., Milroy, H., Barbaro, P., Boutrus, M., Woolard, A., & Rao, P. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108138
Perceptions of ADHD Among African American Parents and Caregivers of Boys 5-14 Years Old
Evans, A. J. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-63ky-3e87
Teacher Perspectives on Student Behavior and ACEs in Elementary Education
Mudd, B. (2019) · doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2019.edu.14
Healing Alex's Wound
Chen, S.-Y. (2021) · Research Anthology on Mental Health Stigma, Education, and Treatment · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0022-4.ch001
Commission on the Future of Multi-ethnic Britain: A Personal Perspective on the Progress Report.
Diniz, F. A. (2000)
Healing Alex's Wound
Chen, S. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8963-2.ch028
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS DIFFERENTIATING INTERNALIZING AND EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIORS OF CHILDREN
Capolino, A. (2021) · doi:10.23860/thesis-capolino-alexandria-2021
Healing Alex's Wound
Chen, S. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8544-3.ch042
Reviewing the Origins of You: How Childhood Shapes Later Life (2020)
Petillo, L. (2022) · New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1007/s40841-022-00265-0
“With so many positive aspects to the book, one of the few cons is the authors’ failure to associate the findings with the latest theory of Adverse Childhood Environments, or ACEs (Jimenez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Kawasaki Disease in Children
(2023) · doi:10.54289/jppc2100101
Experiências Adversas na Infância e Perturbação de Hiperatividade e Défice de Atenção: Uma Relação por Descodificar
Martins, M. T., & Matos, A. (2023) · Gazeta Médica · doi:10.29315/gm.v1i1.734
Genetic and phenotypic evidence of the predictive validity of preschool parent reports of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention
Dionne, G., Mascheretti, S., Feng, B., Paradis, H., Brendgen, M. R., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942400035x
How youth of color with mental disabilities are excluded from school: A DisCrit and logistic regression analysis
Alaniz, A. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107144 · Cited by 1
Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review
İçen, S. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01881-9
Correction: Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review
İçen, S. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01895-3
Children With ADHD Diagnoses and Adverse Childhood Experiences in A Public Mental Health System
Cassidy, J., & Altschuler, M. R. (2026) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330261430021

Authors: Jimenez, M. E., Wade, R., Schwartz-Soicher, O., Lin, Y., & Reichman, N. E.
Affiliations: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
ORCID: Lin, Yong
Reichman, Nancy E.
Venue: Academic Pediatrics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-05
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 356-361
ISSN: 1876-2859 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.12.009
PMC: PMC5555409
OpenAlex: W2566635941
Cited by: 104
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 8.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Academic Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R25HD074544, K12HD085848, R24HD058486, P2CHD058486, R01HD036916)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: adverse childhood experiences, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, middle childhood, early childhood adversity, urban children, ADHD screening, maternal care, child mental health
MeSH terms: Exposure to Violence, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Black or African American, Child, Child Abuse, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prisons, United States, Urban Population, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence, Substance-Related Disorders, White People

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks